Haemorrhage and oedema

Question 1

What is haemorrhage?

Answer 1

Escape of blood from vascular system

Question 2

What is the difference between haemorrhage and hyperaemia?

Answer 2

Haemorrhage = extravascular 
Hyperaemia = intravascular

Question 3

What causes haemorrhage?

Answer 3

Physiological cause
Trauma 
Infectious agents and their toxins 
Clotting deficiencies
Tumours
Agonal respiration (gasping, laboured breathing)

Question 4

What can haemorrhage lead to?

Answer 4

Anaemia (iron deficient)
Hypovolaemic shock
Loss of function
Complete recovery

Question 5

Describe the degradation of haemoglobin by macrophages and the colours

Answer 5

Haem - red
Biliverdin - green
Bilirubin - blue/green
Haemosiderin - gold

Question 6

What is diapedesis? (A type of haemorrhage)

Answer 6

Movement of RBCs into extravascular space due to endothelial defects

Question 7

What is rhexis?

Answer 7

Break in a vessel wall

Question 8

What is a haematoma?

Answer 8

Clotted accumulation of blood within an organ/cavity

Question 9

Haemorrhage can be named according to its size. What are the 3 names?

Answer 9

Petechia
Purpura
Ecchymosis

Question 10

What size is petechia? Where is it found? What is it associated with?

Answer 10

1-2mm
Skin, mucus and serous surfaces
Associated with increased vascular pressure, thrombocytopenia and clotting factor deficits

Question 11

What size is prupura? What is it associated with?

Answer 11

> 3mm

Similar to petechia - thrombocytopenia ,clotting factor deficits, increased vascular pressure

Question 12

What size is ecchymosis? Where is it located? What causes it?

Answer 12

1-2cm
Subcutaneous
After trauma

Question 13

Give examples of names for blood accumulating in cavities

Answer 13

Haemothorax
Haemoperitoneum
Haemopericardium
Haemoarthrosis (joint cavity)

Question 14

What is oedema?

Answer 14

Accumulation of fluid in intercellular space or body cavities

Question 15

Oedema can be localised or generalised. Species have different predilection sites. What are these in the dog, cat, sheep, horse and ox?

Answer 15

Dog - peritoneum (hydroperitoneum)
Cat - thorax (hydrothorax)
Sheep - submandibular and peritoneum 
Horse - limbs
Cattle - brisket (lower chest)

Question 16

What is a transudate? What is an exudate?

Answer 16

Exudate - fluid leaks around cells of capillary, caused by inflammation
Transudate - fluid pushed through capillary due to high HSP

Question 17

What processes can cause oedema?

Answer 17

Increased hydrostatic pressure
Decreased oncotic pressure (hypoproteinaemia)
Lymphatic obstruction 
Sodium retention 
Inflammation

Question 18

What is ascites? What is anasarca?

Answer 18

Ascites = hydroperitoneum 
Anasarca = subcutaneous oedema

Question 19

What diseases cause oedema?

Answer 19

Heart failure
Chronic liver disease (decreased protein synthesis)
Renal disease (protein loss)

Question 20

Pulmonary oedema is caused by what type of heart failure?

Answer 20

Left sided backwards (congestive)

Causes passive hyperaemia and oedema

Question 21

Why is oedema of the brain serious?

Answer 21

No room to swell

CNS has no lymphatics so struggles to drain

Question 22

What is glaucoma?

Answer 22

Oedema of the eye

Question 23

What is bottle jaw? What causes it?

Answer 23

Subcutaneous, submandibular in ruminants

Hypoproteinaemia (decried oncotic pressure) in Johne’s disease and hepatic parasites

Question 24

How does heart failure cause oedema?

Answer 24

Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure

Decreased renal blood flow activates RAAS and increases water retention and blood volume