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Pathology > Haematology - RBCs > Flashcards

Haematology - RBCs Flashcards

1
Q

What is haematocrit?

A

Volume of RBCs (%)

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2
Q

What is the function of blood plasma?

A

Carry nutrients, hormones and waste
Maintain fluidity
Maintain intravascular oncotic pressure
Helps clotting

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3
Q

What are the words to describe an increase/decrease in RBCs?

A

Anaemia

Erythrocytosis

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4
Q

What words desire an increase/decrease in platelets?

A

Thrombocytopenia

Thrombocytosis

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5
Q

What words describe an increase/decrease in all blood cells (WBCs, RBCs and platelets)?

A

Pancytopenia

Polycytaemia

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6
Q

If blood sampling takes too long, what forms? What can be used to preserve blood cell morphology?

A

Platelets clump and form clots

EDTA

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7
Q

What is a haemogram?

A

Full blood count

Total Hb, haematocrit, blood count, WBCs included

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8
Q

What is an erythrogram?

A

Test that evaluates red blood cells

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9
Q

What 3 processes cause anaemia?

A

Inadequate erythropoiesis
Haemolysis (increased RBC destruction)
Increased blood loss

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10
Q

What is blood loss anaemia? What can cause it?

A

Loss of all blood components (all cells and plasma)
Haemorrhage (internal or external)
Blood sucking parasites

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11
Q

With blood loss anaemia, does HCt and TP change?

A

No - proportional loss of all blood components

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12
Q

Within a few hours, what does the body do in response to blood loss anaemia?

A

Influx of water from extravascular space - diluted blood, decreased HCt and TP

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13
Q

Blood loss anaemia can be acute or chronic. What compensates for acute blood loss anaemia? How long does this take?

A

Bone marrow- able to increase erythropoiesis

Lag of few days as young RBCs are in circulation, back to normal within 1-2 wks

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14
Q

What can chronic blood loss anaemia lead to? What effects does this have on haematopoiesis?

A

Iron deficiency anaemia (IDA)

Iron required for erythropoiesis - decreased

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15
Q

Haemolysis can be extravascular or intravascular. Which is more severe? Why?

A

Intravascular more severe

Cause release of free haemoglobin

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16
Q

What cells mediate extravascular haemolysis?

A

Macrophages in liver, spleen and bone marrow

17
Q

Describe the basic degradation of haemoglobin

A 
Haemoglobin
Haem 
Haemoverdin 
Haemobilirubin 
Hameosiderin
18
Q

What can cause intravascular haemolysis?

A 
Complement system (immune mediated)
Oxidative damage (non-immune mediated)
Mechanical injury (non-immune mediated)
19
Q

What can free haemoglobin cause?

A 
Hyperbilirubinaemia jaundice (liver overwhelmed by bilirubin)
Haemoglobinuria
20
Q

Anaemia can be mild, moderate or severe. It can also be classed on regenerative response. What are the 2 types? What cells are counted to diagnose this?

A

Regenerative - presence of polychromasia and reticulocytes

Non-regenerative - no polychromasia/reticulocytes

21
Q

What can cause regenerative and non-regenerative anaemia?

A

Regenerative - blood loss, haemolysis

Non-regenerative - iron deficiency, bone marrow disease, immune disease, chronic inflammation etc

22
Q

What is mean corpuscular volume (MCV)?

A

Average size of RBC

23
Q

Anaemia can be classed based on MCV (increased cell size). What are the names of anaemia with decreased, normal and raised MCV

A

Normal - normocytic anaemia
Reduced - microcytic anaemia
Increased - macrocytic anaemia

24
Q

Anaemia can be based on mean corpuscular Hb concentration (average RBC Hb conc). What is this called if it is normal, reduce or raised?

A

Normal - normochromic anaemia
Lowered - hypochromic anaemia
Raised = artefact!!

25
Q

What does hypochromic anaemia suggest a deficiency in?

A

Iron

26
Q

What type of regeneration/non-regneration does microcytic anaemia suggest?

A

Regenerative anaemia

Reticulocytes are larger

27
Q

What are immature RBCs with organelles and a nucleus called? What about immature RBCs without a nucleus?

A

Erythroblast - contain nucelus and organelles

Reticulocytes - large blue

28
Q

What is found in reticulocytes? (The 3 Rs)

A

RER
Ribsosomes
RNA

29
Q

What does polychromasia suggest?

A

Regenerative anaemia

Abnormal immature RBCs in blood - blue colour

30
Q

What are the 2 distribution abnormalities of red blood cells? What do these mean? Are they normal?

A

Agglutination - by antibodies, always pathological

Rouleaux formation - stacking on top of each other, can be normal in horse and cat

31
Q

Rouleaux formation of RBCs can be normal in horses and cats. In other species, what may it indicated?

A

Inflammation

Neoplasia

32
Q

What is the presence of abnormally shaped RBCs called?

A

Poikilocytosis

33
Q

Blood cells can undergo crenation (shrinkage to abnormal shape). What are these cells called? What do they look like?

A

Echinocytes

Short, evenly spaced points

34
Q

What may cause echinocyte present in a blood smear?

A

Artefact

Uraemia

35
Q

What are small round RBCs called? What does this strongly suggest?

A

Spherocytes

Immune mediated haemolytic anaemia (IMHA)

36
Q

How does IMHA cause RBCs to become spherocytes?

A

Partial phagocytosis of RBC

Loss of disc shape

Pathology (22 decks)

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