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Hydrocarbons Flashcards

1
Q

Alkanes are also known as

A

Parrafins

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2
Q

Order of free radical substitution

A

Zero order

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3
Q

Alkenes are also known as

A

Olefins

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4
Q

__________ substitution mostly occurs in benzene

A

Electrophilic

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5
Q

_________ addition occurs in alkenes/alkynes

A

Electrophilic

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6
Q

_________ addition occurs in aldehydes/ketones

A

Nucleophilic

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7
Q

p1 mechanism is also known as

A

a-ß or 1,2 elimination

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8
Q

p2 mechanism is also known as

A

a-elimination or 1,1 elimination

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9
Q

A common name for ethanol is

A

Spirit of wine

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10
Q

Catalysts used for dehydration of alcohols (Alcohol —> Alkene + water)

A

H2SO4
H3PO4
Al2O3
P4O

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11
Q

Rate of reaction of alcohols in order of slowest to fastest

A

Primary < Secondary < Tertiary

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12
Q

%ages of H2SO4 needed fro each º of alcohol

A

Primary: 75%
Secondary: 60%
Tertiary: 20%

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13
Q

Temperature needed for each º of alcohol

A

Primary: 140-170º
Secondary: 100º
Tertiary: 80º

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14
Q

Temperature for hydrogenation reaction with Ni catalyst

A

250º-300º

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15
Q

Temperature for hydrogenation reaction with Pt/Pd

A

25º

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16
Q

Identification test for Alkene

A

Bromination (brown becomes colorless)

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17
Q

What is Visceral dihalide also known as

A

Dutch liquid (bc its oily)

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18
Q

Order of hydrohalogens

A

HF &laquo_space;HCL < HBR < HI

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19
Q

Order of stability of º hydrohalogens (HX)

A

Tertiary > Secondary > Primary (because tertiary has 3 e- donating groups)

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20
Q

What is Markonikov’s law

A

When assymetrical, the partial positive is added to the C with more Hydrogens (pos = more)

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21
Q

What is Karasch rule? What is it also called?

A

Its the anti Markonikov rule, and adds the opposite way when a peroxide is present. Its also known as the Peroxide effect.

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22
Q

Catalyst used for polymerization

A

TiCl4 or Al(C2H5)3

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23
Q

Baeyer’s test

A

Add KMnO4. If purple to colorless, that means alkene is present.

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24
Q

Alkene + KMnO4 —>

A

glycol

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25
Q

What is ozonalysis for

A

Checks position of double bond

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26
Q

Alkene + ozone —>

A

Monozonide (highly unstable) —> ozonide

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27
Q

Ozonide + H2O and Zn —>

A

Aldehyde/Ketone

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28
Q

Alkynes are also known as

A

Acetylenes

29
Q

Which alkyne does not exist

30
Q

Reactivity of alkynes

A

Alkene (more reactive) > Alkyne > Alkane (least reactive)

31
Q

Which alkyne is most acidic

A

Terminal Alkynes (1-alkyne)

32
Q

Terminal alkyne + bases —>

33
Q

Non terminal alkynes are

A

not acidic

34
Q

Ammonial cupourous chloride test (Terminal + that)

A

Gives red ppt (CuC - CCu) (- is a triple bond)

35
Q

Terminal alkyne + NaNH2 (strong base)

A

NH3 + R-C- - - C-Na+

36
Q

Terminal alykne + ammonium silver nitrate gives

A

White ppt (AgC-CAg) (triple bond)

37
Q

Red ppt (CuC-CCu) + H2SO4 gives

A

Ethyne (Acetylene)

38
Q

To get only alkene from alkyne what do you use?

A

Lindlar’s catalyst (Pd(BaSO4) or Quinoline

39
Q

Assymetrical alkynes follow Markonikov’s rule in

A

Both steps 1 & 2

40
Q

Symmetrical alkynes follow Markonikov rule in

A

Only step 2

41
Q

Which alkyne gives what aldehyde/ketone?

A

Ethyne gives Aldehyde. All other alkynes give Ketones.

42
Q

Huckel #

A

(4n+2) πe-

43
Q

What is the structure of naphthalene

A

2 fused benzene rings

44
Q

What is the name of three fused benzene rings

A

Anthrasene

45
Q

Who obtained benzene from cold tar

46
Q

How did Faraday obtain benzene

A

Destructive distillation of vegetable oil

47
Q

Geometry of benzene

A

Trigonal planar

48
Q

Hybridization of benzene

49
Q

C double bond C length

50
Q

C single bond C length

51
Q

C triple bond C length

52
Q

C-H bond length

53
Q

Avg C-C bond length in benzene

54
Q

Which resonating structures contribute more to the real structure (resonance hybrid)? How much percentage?

A

Kekule structures . 39%

55
Q

What resonating structures contribute less to the resonance hybrid? How much percentage?

A

DeWar’s structures. 7.3%

56
Q

Which is more stable resonating structure, charged/ionic or neutral

57
Q

Resonance energy =

A

[Energy of stable canonical] — [Energy of resonance hybrid (real structure)]

58
Q

What is the most stable canonical form of benzene?

A

Cyclohexa-triene

59
Q

Resonance energy of benzene?

60
Q

CH3 is an electron ________ group

61
Q

Names of CH2Cl, CHCl2, and CCl3 respectively

A

Benzyl chloride, benzal chloride, benzo trichloride

62
Q

What is the catalyst used in the oxidation reaction of benzene? At what temperature?

A

VsO5 at 400-500º

63
Q

Oxidation reaction of benzene makes _________ then __________

A

Maleic anhydride then maleic acid (but-2-ene dioic acid)

64
Q

Catalyst for aromatic electrophilic substitution of benzene?

A

AlCl3 / FeCl3 / BCl3 (Lewis Catalyst Acid)

65
Q

Order of reactivity of hydrocarbons

A

Alkene > Benzene > Alkyne > Alkane

66
Q

Other names of Benzene + Electrophile Intermediate

A

Sigma Complex, Willard’s complex, Benzenium ion, Arenium ion, Cyclohexadienyl ion

67
Q

Nitrating mixture for nitrogenation of benzene

A

NHO3 (conc) + H2SO4

68
Q

Conditions for nitrogenation of benzene

A

Nitrating mixture (NHO3 + H2SO4), H2SO4 catalyst at 60º

69
Q

Chances of OMP nitrogenation

A

63% ortho, 3% meta, 34% para

Chemistry (17 decks)

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