Human Reproduction - Female

Question 1

Ovaries

Answer 1

Produce the haploid cells (ova) ( exocrine function) by meiosis and oestrogen & progesterone ( endocrine fucntion)

Question 2

Fallopian tubes (oviduct )

Answer 2

Fertilisation occurs here
Egg moves here by cilia and muscular peristalsis

Question 3

Uterus (womb)

Answer 3

Implantation of a fertilised egg occurs here (endometrium )

Question 4

Cervix

Answer 4

The opening into the uterus located between the vagina and uterus

Question 5

Vagina

Answer 5

Organ of copulation and the birth canal

Question 6

Vulva (labia folds)

Answer 6

Folds of skin that protect the vagina

Question 7

Associated glands

Answer 7

•ovaries - endocrine + exo glands
•graafian follicle - produces and secretes oestrogen
•corpus luteum - secretes progesterone

Question 8

Female secondary sexual characteristic

Answer 8

Breasts enlarge
Growth of pubic and underarm hair
Widening of pelvis

Question 9

Female infertility

Answer 9

Endocrine gland failure
Cause - hormonal disorder (FSH OR LH not produces)
Corrective measures- hormonal treatment

Question 10

Gonad

Answer 10

Organ that produces sex cells in animals

Question 11

Male and female gametes

Answer 11

Male
- high number produced
-small in size
-produces continuously
Female
- low number produced
-produces monthly
-large in size

Question 12

The menstrual cycle

Answer 12

A series of events that occurs every 28 days in the female if fertilisation has not taken place
Begins at puberty
End with menopause

Question 13

Day 1-5

Answer 13

Menstruation occurs
Meiosis occurs in an ovary to produce a new egg,surrounded by the Graafian follicle - gland

Question 14

Main hormone in days 1-5

Answer 14

FHS
produced by the pituitary gland
Functions- stimulates potential eggs to develop surrounded by Graafian follicles
FHS stimulates the production of oestrogen

Question 15

Days 6-13

Answer 15

Graafian follicle produces oestrogen
Oestrogen also prevents further eggs from being produced

Question 16

Main hormone in days 6-13

Answer 16

Oestrogen
Produced by Graafian follicle in the ovary
Function- causes endometrium to thicken in the first half of the cycle

Question 17

Day 14

Answer 17

Fertile period
Ovulation occurs when the Graafian follicle hurts - realeses egg

Question 18

Ovulation

Answer 18

Release of an egg from an ovary

Question 19

Day 14 main hormone

Answer 19

LH
Produced by pituitary gland Functions causes ovulation

Question 20

Day 15-27

Answer 20

• Graafian follicle develops into the corpus luteum
  -progesterone is produced
  -if fertilisation doesn’t take place the corpus luteum degenerates around day 22
  -this causes the progesterone levels to drop which causes the lining of the uterus to breakdown on day 28
• causing bleeding which marks the start of a new cycle

Question 21

Day 15- 28 main hormone produced

Answer 21

Progesterone
Produced by the corpus luteum
Function - maintains the endometrium
- inhibits the production of FSH and LH so that further ovulation cannot occur
- prevents contractions of the uterus

Question 22

Menstrual disorder

Answer 22

Fibroids - benign tumours of the uterus that results from over production of cells
Cause- abnormal response to contraceptive pill
Prevention - none
Treatment - removed by surgery

Question 23

Stages of copulation
1

Answer 23

Sexual arousal
An increase in heart rate + breathing rate and dilation of the pupils occur on both male and females
Males- blood flows to the penis causing it to be erect
Females- vagina becomes lubricated elongates and wider

Question 24

Stages of copulation
2

Answer 24

Copulation / intervourse
Penis is placed inside the vagina

Question 25

Stages of copulation 3

Answer 25

Orgasm Occurs when sexual arousal reached a climax -male ejaculation - the release of semen from the penis

Question 26

Insemination

Answer 26

Release of semen into the vagina just outside the cervix

Question 27

Fertilisation

Answer 27

In the fallopian tube -fusion of the egg and sperm to form a zygote -acrosomes contain enzymes that make an opening in the membrane of the egg -only the head of sperm enters egg -egg undergoes rapid chemical change to form a fertilisation membrane - prevents further sperm from entering egg -survival time in the body sperm up to 7 days and ova up to 48 hrs

Question 28

Early development of the zygote Day 1

Answer 28

Zygote divides by mitosis

Question 29

Early development of the zygote Day3

Answer 29

Morula is formed - a clump of cells is formed

Question 30

Early development of the zygote Day 5

Answer 30

Blastocyst is formed - a hollow ball of a few hundred cells

Question 31

Implantation

Answer 31

The embedding of the fertilised egg into the lining of the uterus Occurs on day 6-9 •amnion- a membrane that develops around the embryo -it secretes amniotic fluid Function/ acts as a chock absorber

Question 32

Placenta formation

Answer 32

-after implantation the embryo forms an outer membrane (chorion) -this develops villi which form the placenta with the mothers blood vessels -tissues involved- interior and embryonic -the placenta is an organ that allowed exchange of materials (gasses nutrients waste) between the foetus and mother = diffusion

Question 33

Function of placenta

Answer 33

Doesn’t allow blood to mix in case of different blood groups Production of progesterone

Question 34

Embryonic development Day 10

Answer 34

Blastocysts form three layers called the germ layers 1.ectoderm- produces skin nails hair and nervous system 2.mesoderm- produces muscle and skeletal system 3. Endoderm - produces digestive system respiratory system

Question 35

Embryonic development Up to 8 weeks

Answer 35

Heart beats at 4 weeks Internal organs begin to form and bones begin to replace cartilage

Question 36

Embryonic development Up to three months

Answer 36

Organs are formed - the foetus enlarges Body begins to move and exchange waste and gases with mother

Question 37

Birth and labour

Answer 37

-Placenta stops producing progesterone and the walls of the uterus begin to contract -at the same time the pituitary gland of the mother produces a hormone called oxytocin -this causes contractions

Question 38

Birth and labour Stage 1

Answer 38

Contractions of the uterus push the foetus down toward the cervix Mucuos plug that blocks the cervix is expelled The amnion breaks releasing amniotic fluid from the vagina

Question 39

Birth and labour State 2

Answer 39

Cervix dilates and baby is pushed out Umbilical cord is clamped out

Question 40

Birth and labour Stage 3

Answer 40

After birth (placenta and foetal membranes? Is passed out

Question 41

Breastfeeding

Answer 41

Lactation - the secretion of milk by the mammary glands of a female

Question 42

Breast

Answer 42

Produce colostrum for the first few days after birth Prolactin - stimulates milk production

Question 43

Adv of breastfeeding

Answer 43

Ideal balance of nutrients Contains antibodies May reduce breast cancer in mother

Question 44

Birth control

Answer 44

Methods taken to limit the number of children that are born

Question 45

Abortion

Answer 45

The termination of a pregnancy

Question 46

Contraception

Answer 46

The deliberate prevention of fertilisation or pregnancy

Question 47

Methods + examples of contraception

Answer 47

Natural - abstinence Mechanical(physical) - condom Chemical- pill Surgical - vasectomy

Question 48

In vitro fertilisation (ivf)

Answer 48

The fusion of the male gamete and the female gamete outside the body to form a diploid zygote Adv - more babies Dis- expensive