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Human Biology > Human Reproduction > Flashcards

Human Reproduction Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Function of Seminiferous Tubules

A

Site of Spermatogenisis - spem creation

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2
Q

Fuction of the Testes

A

Makes testosterone and sperm

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3
Q

Fuction of the Vas Deferens

A

Transports mature sperm for ejaculation

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4
Q

Fuction of the Seminal vesicle

A

Secreates fluid for sperm mobility when ejacualtion occurs

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5
Q

Fuction of the Prostate Gland

A

Produces high sugar fluid that nourishes the sperm

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6
Q

Fuction of the Cowpers Glands

A

Produces thick mucous that absorbs into ureathra (evens out PH)

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7
Q

Fuction of theEpididymus

A

Carries and stores sperm made in the testicles

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8
Q

Fuction of the Interstitial cells

A

Required for spermatogenisis

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9
Q

Fuction of the uterus

A

Allows fertilized eggs to attach to nourish and protect it

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10
Q

Fuction of the Fallopian Tube

A

Store mature eggs for fetilisation

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11
Q

Fuction of the Fimbriae

A

Find mature eggs and transport them to fallopian tubes

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12
Q

Fuction of the ovary

A

Store all of the females eggs

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13
Q

Fuction of the cervix

A

Stop outside things from entering the uterus and holds the baby in place during preganncy

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14
Q

Fuction of the endometrium

A

Lining of the uterus that forms the placenta - shreds on period

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15
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

Formation of Spermatoza in the seminiferous tubules

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16
Q

Spermatogonia

A

Male germinal Cell

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17
Q

At puberty, what hapens to spermatogonia

A

Devide by mitosis

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18
Q

What happen to daughter cells from the spermatogonia?

A

Pushed inwards towards centre of tubule where they grow

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19
Q

What are enlarged cells called? (male)

A

Primary Spermatocytes (Diploid)

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20
Q

What happens to primary spermatocytes?

A

Undergo meiosis 1 to form secondary spermatocytes (haploid)

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21
Q

What happens to secondary spermatocytes?

A

Undergo meiosis 2 and devide into 2 separate spermatids - 4 haploid spermatids

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22
Q

Final stage of spermatogenesis

A

Spermatids mature into spermatoza. Most of cytoplasm is lost and tail forms

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23
Q

Spermatozoa are stored in the..?

A

Epididymis

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24
Q

Maturation of spermatids

A

Loss of cytoplasm and contractile tissue forms. Takes aprox 72 days

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25
Q

Life span of sperm

A

5 days in uderus, hours in vagina, 1-2 days in male, outside body a few minutes

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26
Q

How does the prostate gland assist in the transportation of sperm?

A

Ads a milky alkaline fluid for neutralising acidic conditions of vagina

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27
Q

Semial Vesicles

A

Thick sugar rich fluid to provide nutrients

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28
Q

Cowperse gland

A

Clear alkaline lubricating fluid to protect sperm in urethra

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29
Q

Oogenesis

A

Formation of female gametes

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30
Q

Oogenesis In the ovary in the foetus

A

Oogonia are diploid and undergo mitosis. Mature from primary oocyte to collicle. Mature oocytes undergo meiosis 1 but stops at prophase

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31
Q

Oogenesis At puberty

A

Ovarian cycle commences. Follicle stimulating hormone is released. Primary ocyte compleates meiosis 1 to form secondary oocyte & polar bodies. Meisis stops at metaphase 2

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32
Q

Oogenesis At ovulation

A

Most mature follicle moves to surfave of ovary, releases secondary oocyte. Moves to fallopian tube.

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33
Q

Oogenesis At fertilisation

A

Second oocyte rapidly finishes meiosis 2 to produce mature ovum and 1 polar body. ovum nucleus (haploid) fuses with sperm nucleus (haploid) to form a zygote.

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34
Q

The ovarian cycle

A

Series of events taking place in ovary - Maturation of secondary oocyte. Release of secondary oocyte and formation of corpus luteum

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35
Q

Average Ovarian cycle

A

28 Days. One secondary oocyte that matures and released per cycle

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36
Q

Lutenizing hormone

A

Cuases graafian follicle to burst and release secondary oocyte - ovulation

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37
Q

Corpus leteum

A

Secretes progesterone and some oestrogen.

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38
Q

Purpose of Progesterone

A

Maintain lining of uterus. Deteriates after 8 days and forms corpus albicans

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39
Q

The menstrual Cycle

A

Changes that occur in the endometrium

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40
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Secretes gonadotropin releasing factors. Carried to anterior pituitary

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41
Q

Gonadotropin releasing factors

A

Stimulate release of FSH and LH from anterior pituitary

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42
Q

What does FSh do to a follicle?

A

Cause it to mature and develop in ovary.

43
Q

What happens to endometrium when FSH increases

A

Secretion of oestrogen and thickening of endometrium

44
Q

What happens to FSH & LH when oestrogen is being produced

A

Inhibit FSH production and the production of LH increases

45
Q

What happens FSH decreases and LH increases

A

Secondary oocyte is released and CL secreates progesterone and oestrogen

46
Q

Remanants of follicles forms..

A

Corpus luteum

47
Q

What does the corpus luteum do?

A

Secretes increasing amounts of progesterone and oestrogen - maintain endometrium

48
Q

Corpus luteum cannot surfive without fertilisation

A

Deteriates after 8-12 days. degenerating mass is called corpus albicans

49
Q

What happesn when the cycle starts again?

A

Progesterone and oestogen levels drop

50
Q

Perodic abstinence

A

A woman is fetile 3-5 days per menstrual cycle

51
Q

Rhythum Method

A

Assumes regular 28 day cycle with ovulation on day 14

52
Q

Mucus Method

A

Predict fertile window tracking mucus.

53
Q

Types of mucus in Mucus method

A
  • Dry after menstration
  • Ovulation approaches mucus develops
  • mucus becomes cloudy and thick (inhospitable to sperm)
  • day of ovulation mucus is clear and stringy
54
Q

Temperature method

A

Body temperature used to determine day of ovulation - sharp drop then rise

55
Q

Coitus interrupts

A

Removal of penis prior to male orgasm

56
Q

Male condom

A

Thin latex rolled onto erect penis.

57
Q

Diaphram

A

Rubber cap that fits across the top of the vagina

58
Q

Cervical cap

A

Fits over the cervix - must stay in position for 6 hours after intercourse

59
Q

Female condom

A

Lubricated sheath that fits over cervix and down and out of vaginal canal

60
Q

Spermicides (cream, gel, spray & pessaries)

A

Contain a chemical that immobilize sperm and some react with moisture of vagina to produce co2 bubbles

61
Q

The combined pill

A

Contains synthetic progesterone and oestrogen. PRevents ovulation and thick mucus

62
Q

Mini pill

A

Contains only synthetic progesterone. thins lining of uterus

63
Q

Injectables

A

Synthetic progesterone injected into body that last 12 weeks

64
Q

Implantation

A

Match sized plastic rod that contains synthetic progesterone which diffuses over 3 years

65
Q

Vaginal rings

A

Left in for 3 weeks and removed for 1 week. Progesterone and oestrogen diffuses out.

66
Q

Intrauterine devices

A

Small devices made of plastic/copper that are intserted into the uterus by a doctor

67
Q

Copper IUD

A

affect movement of sperm and changes endometirum so no implantation can occur

68
Q

Morning after Pill

A

Progesterone tablet. Taken up to 72 hours after unprotected intercourse.

69
Q

Vasectomy (male)

A

Cas deferenes severed

70
Q

Tubal ligation (female)

A

Fallopian tubes severed and tied

71
Q

Fertilization

A

Fusion of male and female gamete. Takes place in fallopian tubes

72
Q

Zygote

A

Single diploid cell formed at fertilization

73
Q

Zygote reproduction

A

Undergoes clevage and becomes two identitcal cels

74
Q

Cleavage

A

Rapid mitotic divisions characterised by absence of growth of daughter cells

75
Q

Cleavage cell size

A

Number of cells increase, size decreases due to sharing of cytoplasm.

76
Q

Zygote transportation

A

Along fallopian tube by contractions of the tube and beating cilia.

77
Q

Morula

A

zygote has reproduced into a ball of identicle cells and is near enterance to the uterus

78
Q

Morula formation

A

Takes 4-5 days and still undergoes rapid mitosis.

79
Q

Blastocytes

A

Morula forms hollow ball with cells at one end. Attaches to endometrium. Will form embryo (forms 7 days after fetilisation)

80
Q

Implantation

A

Blastocyte attaching to endometrium

81
Q

Inner cell mass

A

After implantation, inner cell mass (stem cells) form three primary germ layers, endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm

82
Q

Endoderm

A

Lining layer of innner cell mass

83
Q

Mesoderm

A

Middle layer of innner cell mass

84
Q

Ectoderm

A

Outer layer of inner cell mass

85
Q

Yolk sac

A

Provides nutrients for developing embryos (Humans have very little yolk sac)

86
Q

The Amnion

A

Surrounds the embryo by the 8th day. Secretes amniotic fluid into cavity. Shock absorber and maintains temperature. Ruptures before birth

87
Q

Chorion

A

Outer cells of the blastocyst. FOrms foetal portion of the placenta

88
Q

Placenta

A

Supplies nutriens and removes wastes from the foetus. Endocrine organ (secretes progesterone)

89
Q

Umbilical cord components

A

Two umbilical arteries and one umbilical vein. Umbilical arteries carry deoxygenated blood away from foretus, vein carries oxygenated blood to foetus

90
Q

Syptoms of pregnancy

A

Lack of mestruation, breasts become fuller, nipples become darker, nausea, increased urination, enlarged absomen, foetal movements, mood changes

91
Q

Factors affecting Foetal development

A

Drugs, chemicals, pathogens (bacteria & viruses), listeria, measles, flu

92
Q

Gestation

A

Period of time during which embryo.foetus is carried in uterus (aprox 280days from begining of last menstrual cycle

93
Q

Parturition

A

Aka birth, process when foetus is expelled from mothers body

94
Q

Before birth

A

Progesterone levels fall, oestrogen rise, ligaments in pelvis soften, baby aligns w/ pelvis, cervix softens

95
Q

Changes to mother (post birth)

A

Contractions decrease, uterus shrinks, discharge, blood volume increases, menstration resumes

96
Q

Changes to baby (after birth)

A

Maternal lungs responsible for gas exchange before birth - lungs not inflated to post birth, mother liver disposes of waste, kidneys dispose of waste.

97
Q

Gas and waste exchange at placenta

A

Babys blood carried to placenta via two umbilical arteries. CO2 diffuses out of babys blood and oxygen in. Metabolic wastes diffuse out of babys blood into mothers. Oxygen blood returns via umbilical vien

98
Q

Blood flow in baby

A

Liver bypass

99
Q

Ductus venosus

A

Foetul blood vessle that enables blood to bypass liver. Some blood flows to liver to keep it alive.. Once umbilical cord is cut, Ductus cenosus cannot be accessed

100
Q

Lung bypass in baby

A

Enters right atrium, flow usual way to the lung, but they are collapsed - high resistance. Only small amount reaches blood to keep alive.

101
Q

Ductus arteriosis

A

Lung bypass from right atrium to the Pulmnonary artery.

102
Q

Foramen ovale

A

Oval opening between two atria.

103
Q

Lungs expand on first breath.

A

No resistance to blood flow. Ductus arterious blood flow decreases and becomes scar tissue. Pushes flap of skin over foramen ovale which seals it shut.

Human Biology (12 decks)

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