Human Reproduction Flashcards
1
Q
Function of Seminiferous Tubules
A
Site of Spermatogenisis - spem creation
2
Q
Fuction of the Testes
A
Makes testosterone and sperm
3
Q
Fuction of the Vas Deferens
A
Transports mature sperm for ejaculation
4
Q
Fuction of the Seminal vesicle
A
Secreates fluid for sperm mobility when ejacualtion occurs
5
Q
Fuction of the Prostate Gland
A
Produces high sugar fluid that nourishes the sperm
6
Q
Fuction of the Cowpers Glands
A
Produces thick mucous that absorbs into ureathra (evens out PH)
7
Q
Fuction of theEpididymus
A
Carries and stores sperm made in the testicles
8
Q
Fuction of the Interstitial cells
A
Required for spermatogenisis
9
Q
Fuction of the uterus
A
Allows fertilized eggs to attach to nourish and protect it
10
Q
Fuction of the Fallopian Tube
A
Store mature eggs for fetilisation
11
Q
Fuction of the Fimbriae
A
Find mature eggs and transport them to fallopian tubes
12
Q
Fuction of the ovary
A
Store all of the females eggs
13
Q
Fuction of the cervix
A
Stop outside things from entering the uterus and holds the baby in place during preganncy
14
Q
Fuction of the endometrium
A
Lining of the uterus that forms the placenta - shreds on period
15
Q
Spermatogenesis
A
Formation of Spermatoza in the seminiferous tubules
16
Q
Spermatogonia
A
Male germinal Cell
17
Q
At puberty, what hapens to spermatogonia
A
Devide by mitosis
18
Q
What happen to daughter cells from the spermatogonia?
A
Pushed inwards towards centre of tubule where they grow
19
Q
What are enlarged cells called? (male)
A
Primary Spermatocytes (Diploid)
20
Q
What happens to primary spermatocytes?
A
Undergo meiosis 1 to form secondary spermatocytes (haploid)
21
Q
What happens to secondary spermatocytes?
A
Undergo meiosis 2 and devide into 2 separate spermatids - 4 haploid spermatids
22
Q
Final stage of spermatogenesis
A
Spermatids mature into spermatoza. Most of cytoplasm is lost and tail forms
23
Q
Spermatozoa are stored in the..?
A
Epididymis
24
Q
Maturation of spermatids
A
Loss of cytoplasm and contractile tissue forms. Takes aprox 72 days
25
Life span of sperm
5 days in uderus, hours in vagina, 1-2 days in male, outside body a few minutes
26
How does the prostate gland assist in the transportation of sperm?
Ads a milky alkaline fluid for neutralising acidic conditions of vagina
27
Semial Vesicles
Thick sugar rich fluid to provide nutrients
28
Cowperse gland
Clear alkaline lubricating fluid to protect sperm in urethra
29
Oogenesis
Formation of female gametes
30
Oogenesis In the ovary in the foetus
Oogonia are diploid and undergo mitosis. Mature from primary oocyte to collicle. Mature oocytes undergo meiosis 1 but stops at prophase
31
Oogenesis At puberty
Ovarian cycle commences. Follicle stimulating hormone is released. Primary ocyte compleates meiosis 1 to form secondary oocyte & polar bodies. Meisis stops at metaphase 2
32
Oogenesis At ovulation
Most mature follicle moves to surfave of ovary, releases secondary oocyte. Moves to fallopian tube.
33
Oogenesis At fertilisation
Second oocyte rapidly finishes meiosis 2 to produce mature ovum and 1 polar body. ovum nucleus (haploid) fuses with sperm nucleus (haploid) to form a zygote.
34
The ovarian cycle
Series of events taking place in ovary - Maturation of secondary oocyte. Release of secondary oocyte and formation of corpus luteum
35
Average Ovarian cycle
28 Days. One secondary oocyte that matures and released per cycle
36
Lutenizing hormone
Cuases graafian follicle to burst and release secondary oocyte - ovulation
37
Corpus leteum
Secretes progesterone and some oestrogen.
38
Purpose of Progesterone
Maintain lining of uterus. Deteriates after 8 days and forms corpus albicans
39
The menstrual Cycle
Changes that occur in the endometrium
40
Hypothalamus
Secretes gonadotropin releasing factors. Carried to anterior pituitary
41
Gonadotropin releasing factors
Stimulate release of FSH and LH from anterior pituitary
42
What does FSh do to a follicle?
Cause it to mature and develop in ovary.
43
What happens to endometrium when FSH increases
Secretion of oestrogen and thickening of endometrium
44
What happens to FSH & LH when oestrogen is being produced
Inhibit FSH production and the production of LH increases
45
What happens FSH decreases and LH increases
Secondary oocyte is released and CL secreates progesterone and oestrogen
46
Remanants of follicles forms..
Corpus luteum
47
What does the corpus luteum do?
Secretes increasing amounts of progesterone and oestrogen - maintain endometrium
48
Corpus luteum cannot surfive without fertilisation
Deteriates after 8-12 days. degenerating mass is called corpus albicans
49
What happesn when the cycle starts again?
Progesterone and oestogen levels drop
50
Perodic abstinence
A woman is fetile 3-5 days per menstrual cycle
51
Rhythum Method
Assumes regular 28 day cycle with ovulation on day 14
52
Mucus Method
Predict fertile window tracking mucus.
53
Types of mucus in Mucus method
- Dry after menstration
- Ovulation approaches mucus develops
- mucus becomes cloudy and thick (inhospitable to sperm)
- day of ovulation mucus is clear and stringy
54
Temperature method
Body temperature used to determine day of ovulation - sharp drop then rise
55
Coitus interrupts
Removal of penis prior to male orgasm
56
Male condom
Thin latex rolled onto erect penis.
57
Diaphram
Rubber cap that fits across the top of the vagina
58
Cervical cap
Fits over the cervix - must stay in position for 6 hours after intercourse
59
Female condom
Lubricated sheath that fits over cervix and down and out of vaginal canal
60
Spermicides (cream, gel, spray & pessaries)
Contain a chemical that immobilize sperm and some react with moisture of vagina to produce co2 bubbles
61
The combined pill
Contains synthetic progesterone and oestrogen. PRevents ovulation and thick mucus
62
Mini pill
Contains only synthetic progesterone. thins lining of uterus
63
Injectables
Synthetic progesterone injected into body that last 12 weeks
64
Implantation
Match sized plastic rod that contains synthetic progesterone which diffuses over 3 years
65
Vaginal rings
Left in for 3 weeks and removed for 1 week. Progesterone and oestrogen diffuses out.
66
Intrauterine devices
Small devices made of plastic/copper that are intserted into the uterus by a doctor
67
Copper IUD
affect movement of sperm and changes endometirum so no implantation can occur
68
Morning after Pill
Progesterone tablet. Taken up to 72 hours after unprotected intercourse.
69
Vasectomy (male)
Cas deferenes severed
70
Tubal ligation (female)
Fallopian tubes severed and tied
71
Fertilization
Fusion of male and female gamete. Takes place in fallopian tubes
72
Zygote
Single diploid cell formed at fertilization
73
Zygote reproduction
Undergoes clevage and becomes two identitcal cels
74
Cleavage
Rapid mitotic divisions characterised by absence of growth of daughter cells
75
Cleavage cell size
Number of cells increase, size decreases due to sharing of cytoplasm.
76
Zygote transportation
Along fallopian tube by contractions of the tube and beating cilia.
77
Morula
zygote has reproduced into a ball of identicle cells and is near enterance to the uterus
78
Morula formation
Takes 4-5 days and still undergoes rapid mitosis.
79
Blastocytes
Morula forms hollow ball with cells at one end. Attaches to endometrium. Will form embryo (forms 7 days after fetilisation)
80
Implantation
Blastocyte attaching to endometrium
81
Inner cell mass
After implantation, inner cell mass (stem cells) form three primary germ layers, endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm
82
Endoderm
Lining layer of innner cell mass
83
Mesoderm
Middle layer of innner cell mass
84
Ectoderm
Outer layer of inner cell mass
85
Yolk sac
Provides nutrients for developing embryos (Humans have very little yolk sac)
86
The Amnion
Surrounds the embryo by the 8th day. Secretes amniotic fluid into cavity. Shock absorber and maintains temperature. Ruptures before birth
87
Chorion
Outer cells of the blastocyst. FOrms foetal portion of the placenta
88
Placenta
Supplies nutriens and removes wastes from the foetus. Endocrine organ (secretes progesterone)
89
Umbilical cord components
Two umbilical arteries and one umbilical vein. Umbilical arteries carry deoxygenated blood away from foretus, vein carries oxygenated blood to foetus
90
Syptoms of pregnancy
Lack of mestruation, breasts become fuller, nipples become darker, nausea, increased urination, enlarged absomen, foetal movements, mood changes
91
Factors affecting Foetal development
Drugs, chemicals, pathogens (bacteria & viruses), listeria, measles, flu
92
Gestation
Period of time during which embryo.foetus is carried in uterus (aprox 280days from begining of last menstrual cycle
93
Parturition
Aka birth, process when foetus is expelled from mothers body
94
Before birth
Progesterone levels fall, oestrogen rise, ligaments in pelvis soften, baby aligns w/ pelvis, cervix softens
95
Changes to mother (post birth)
Contractions decrease, uterus shrinks, discharge, blood volume increases, menstration resumes
96
Changes to baby (after birth)
Maternal lungs responsible for gas exchange before birth - lungs not inflated to post birth, mother liver disposes of waste, kidneys dispose of waste.
97
Gas and waste exchange at placenta
Babys blood carried to placenta via two umbilical arteries. CO2 diffuses out of babys blood and oxygen in. Metabolic wastes diffuse out of babys blood into mothers. Oxygen blood returns via umbilical vien
98
Blood flow in baby
Liver bypass
99
Ductus venosus
Foetul blood vessle that enables blood to bypass liver. Some blood flows to liver to keep it alive.. Once umbilical cord is cut, Ductus cenosus cannot be accessed
100
Lung bypass in baby
Enters right atrium, flow usual way to the lung, but they are collapsed - high resistance. Only small amount reaches blood to keep alive.
101
Ductus arteriosis
Lung bypass from right atrium to the Pulmnonary artery.
102
Foramen ovale
Oval opening between two atria.
103
Lungs expand on first breath.
No resistance to blood flow. Ductus arterious blood flow decreases and becomes scar tissue. Pushes flap of skin over foramen ovale which seals it shut.
