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Human Biology > DNA > Flashcards

DNA Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

DNA

A

Deoxyribosenucleic Acid

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2
Q

Chromatin

A

Coiled DNA Network

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3
Q

Histones

A

Protiens DNA tightly coiles around eight protiens for storage.

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4
Q

Mitochondria

A

Organelles in Cytosol where energy is prouced

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5
Q

Double Helix

A

2 DNA strans in a twisted spiral shape

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6
Q

Nucleotides

A

Units of DNA molecule

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7
Q

Nucleotide compontents

A

Deoxyribose (sugar) molecule, phosphate group and nitrogen base

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8
Q

“A” Nitrogen base

A

Adenine

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9
Q

T Nitrogen Base

A

Thymine

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10
Q

C Nitrogen Base

A

Cytosine

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11
Q

G Nitrogen Base

A

Guanine

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12
Q

Chromosome

A

One molecule of tightly coiled DNA

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13
Q

Gene

A

Section of DNA with a sequence of nitrogeneous bases that codes for a protien

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14
Q

Histone

A

Protien DNA wraps around to protect/organise it

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15
Q

Nucleosome

A

Length of DNA wrapped around 8 histone protiens

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16
Q

Dna Replication

A

Formation of DNA molecules identical to original molecule. Occurs when cell devides

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17
Q

Main steps to dna Replication

A

Enzyme Helicase breaks hydrogen bonds. DNA polymerase binds to each strand of DNA to provide template. DNA polymerase ads complementary nucleotides.

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18
Q

DNA replication

A

The biological process of producing two identical replicas of DNA from one original dna molecule

19
Q

Gene

A

Section of DNA that containes a sequence of bases that create a protien

20
Q

Genetic Code

A

Set of rules by which isformation encoded within genetic material is translate into protiens

21
Q

Transcription

A

Process where mRNA is formed using the code from a DNA molecule

22
Q

Translation

A

Synthesis of protien using infomation that is coded in the mRNA

23
Q

Types of RNA in protien Synthesis

A

Messenger RNA & Transfer RNA

24
Q

Messanger RNA

A

Formed in the nucleus using DNA code and moves to cytoplasim and binds to a ribosome

25
Q

Transfer RNA

A

Located in Cytoplasm. brings amino acids to the ribosome during protien synthesis

26
Q

Codon

A

3 bases on the mRNA

27
Q

Epigenethics

A

The study of changes in organisms caused by modification of gene expression

28
Q

DNA methhylation

A

Addition of a methl group to a cytosine which causes DNA to condense. Prevents transcription

29
Q

Histone Acetylation

A

Addition of an acetyl group to histone protien tail. Histone becomes neagative and repels DNA. DNA will loosen and becomes accessible to transcription

30
Q

Deacetylation

A

Acetyl group is removed. DNA is attracted to Histone and is not accessible to transcription factors

31
Q

Cell Devision

A

Process where parent cell evides into two daughter cells

32
Q

Mitosis

A

Occurs in somatic cells, producing cells w/ a diploid number of chromosomes

33
Q

Meiosis

A

Occurs in sex organs and produces sex cells with haploid number of chromosomes

34
Q

Cell Cycle in Eukaryotes

A

Interphase, M-pHase

35
Q

M-Phase

A

Consisting of Mitosis and cytokinesis

36
Q

First gap Phase (G1)

A

Cell increases inside and makes the mRNA and protiens needed for S phase

37
Q

Synthesis (s)

A

The Cell duplicates its genetic material

38
Q

Second Gap Phase (G2)

A

Nucleus is well defined, rapid cell growth and protien synthesis. Prepares for Mitosis

39
Q

Interphase key points

A
  • DNA visable as chromatin
  • DNA Is replicated
  • Centriols replicate
  • Nuclear membrane still intact
  • Rapid cell grown and protien synthesis (eg helicase, histones, polymerase)
40
Q

Prophase key points

A
  • Nuclear membrane disappears
  • Chromatin condenses into Chromosomes (which have duplicated)
  • 2 sister chromatids are joined at the centromere
  • Centrioles start moving to opposite poles
  • Spindle Forms
41
Q

Metaphase

A
  • Chromosomes line up to the equator of the cell

- Spindle fibers attach to each centromere on chromosomes

42
Q

Anaphase

A
  • Spindle fibers retract to pull sister chromatis apart
  • Becoming distinct chromosomes at poles of cell
  • Cell elongates
43
Q

Telophase

A
  • There is now a ful lset of chromosomes at each end of the cell
  • Spindle dissapears
  • Nucleus forms around chromosomes
  • End of telophase marks cytokinesis

Human Biology (12 decks)

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