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Block 5 ellen > Human locacmotion L2 > Flashcards

Human locacmotion L2 Flashcards

1
Q

Advantages of the locomotor system

A

Frees our hands,
elevates our heads
Can move on challenging terrain

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2
Q

Gait cycle definition

A

The period from heel strike of one limb until the next time that heel hits the ground

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3
Q

What is stance phase

A

First 60%

heel strike- toe of same foot lifting off

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4
Q

What is swing phase

A

40% the limb has lost contact with the ground.

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5
Q

Defines a walk pattern

A

Having 1 foot on the floor at all times

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6
Q

Defines a running pattern

A

At some point during gait both feet are off the ground simultaneously
Absorbing and releasing energy stored in tendons biomechanically
A series of controlled leaps

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7
Q

What is a torque

A

The rotational force around a joint

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8
Q

What is an agonist

A

Cause a movement through there own contraction

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9
Q

What is an antagonist

A

oppose movement (e.g hamstrings and quadriceps)

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10
Q

What is a synergist muscle

A

Perform or help to perform the same movement as a agonist

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11
Q

Concentric contraction

A

Muscle length shortens

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12
Q

eccentric contraction

A

muscle length increases

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13
Q

What is a moment

A

the turning effect of a force around a fixed point called a pivot M= F x D (force x distance)

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14
Q

What is a tendon

A

Muscle to bone
Tough band of connective tissue
Built to endure tension

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15
Q

Ligaments

A

Bone to bone

Work with tendons to pull on a bone

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16
Q

Cerebellum

A

Motor correction

based on sensory & proprioceptive input

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17
Q

Motor learning=

A

improving performance of motor sequence with repetition (in cerebellum)

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18
Q

Balance=

A

Coordinating muscle systems across the body

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19
Q

Flexion=

A

The reduction of a angle at a joint (forward)

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20
Q

Extension=

A

The extension of an angle at a joint (backwards)

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21
Q

Abduction=

A

Taking the limb away from midline

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22
Q

Adduction

A

Moving towards the midline

23
Q

Plantar flexion

A

Moving toes down

24
Q

Dorsiflexion

A

lifting the toes up

25
Q

Gluteus maximus contracts—>

A

Main extension at hip
Attached to dorsal aspect of iliac blade
Inserts proximal aspect of the femur

26
Q

Gluteus medius and minimus–>

A

abduction at the hip

attached to iliac crest/blade

27
Q

where is the Sartorius muscle

A

anterior Thigh

Longest muscle in human body

28
Q

what do quadriceps do?

A

Extension at the knee

Flexion at the thigh

29
Q

What do hamstrings do?

A

Flexion at the knee

extension at the thigh

30
Q

What does Tibialis anterior do?

A

Rotation at the ankle

Contraction lifts toes up (dorsiflexion)

31
Q

Gastrocnemius Where? Does what?

A

Attaches around the ankle joint

contraction moves toes down (plantar flexion)

32
Q

Intrinsic muscles of the foot and long tendons of the foot

A

Very good at stabilising the foot ( preserve the longitudinal arch of foot)

33
Q

Where does gravity act

A

The centre of mass

34
Q

The downwards force=

A

mass x acceleration of gravity

35
Q

Advantage of CoM being closer to joint/point of movement=

A

less muscle force required to keep body stable

36
Q

Where is the humans CoM?

A

Pelvis, mid-line anterior to second sacral vertebra

37
Q

Where does the CoM need to act within

A

the base of support

38
Q

What strategies are used to keep the body stable

A

Hip and ankle strategy

39
Q

What effect can flip flops have on gait

A

Take shorter steps
The heel hits the ground with less force
toes not brought up as much –> larger ankle angle

40
Q

what effect would high heels have on gait

A

Shortens the Achilles tendon and the calf muscles

41
Q

What is antalgic gait?

A

Any gait that reduces loading ‘stone in shoe’
–> shortened stance phase
lengthen swing phase time and step length

42
Q

Ataxic gait (cerebellar gait)=

A

unsteady, wide base

Caused by MS, cerebellar disease

43
Q

parkinsonian gait=

A

Involuntarily moves with accelerating steps, often tiptoe

44
Q

Myopathic gait= (waddling gait)

A

Proximal pelvis muscles are weak

–> pelvis not stabilised so tilts to non-weight bearing side

45
Q

Neuropathic gait (high stepping)

A

Peripheral disease–> lower extremity

Week dorsiflexors high stepping to avoid dragging toe

46
Q

What does the reduction in ilium height mean

A

Means sacroiliac joint is closer to hip joint reducing stress

47
Q

What does curved iliac blade mean?

A

Small gluteal muscles are now in a position they can act as abductors of the thigh

48
Q

what do the abductors of the hip do?

A

support the pelvis when body weight is on one side.

49
Q

trendelenburg gait

A

prevents effective functioning of small gluteals, effects one side
Upper body rotates to the effected side

50
Q

How id the femur adapted to humans

A

larger in human

Change in orientation (the bicondylar angle) –> Bringing weight closer to the base of support

51
Q

What is coxa vera

A

decreased angle (<120) of the femoral neck

  • -> mild shortening of limb
  • -> duck waddle
52
Q

What is coxa valga

A

Increased angle (>140) results from weakness of abductor muscles and lack of normal weight bearing forces

53
Q

What is closely-packed when the knee is fully extended

A

Femoral and tibial condyles (most closely packed when knee is fully extended)

54
Q

when did bipedalism start in humans

A

3.5 million years ago

Block 5 ellen (17 decks)

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