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Block 5 ellen > basal ganglia and cerebellum L14 > Flashcards

basal ganglia and cerebellum L14 Flashcards

1
Q

What initiates command

A

the cerebral cortex

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2
Q

Cerebellum function

A

coordination of ongoing movement reducing error in movement

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3
Q

Basal ganglia function

A

selection/ initiation of voluntary movement

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4
Q

What do basal ganglia and the cerebellum both do; (2)

A

Increase accuracy of movement

Modify signals only of UMN

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5
Q

overall effect of damage on the cerebellum

A

jerky movements, uncoordination & inaccurate

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6
Q

overall effect of damage to the basal ganglia

A

uncontrolled movements

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7
Q

Example of disease from basal ganglia damage (2)

A

Parkinsons

Huntingtons

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8
Q

Where is the cerebellum found

A

hind brain

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9
Q

what are the folds on the dorsal surface of cerebellum called (2)

A

folia (ridges)

Lobules

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10
Q

How many hemispheres of the cerebellum

A

2

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11
Q

What does the cerebellum have 50% of the CNS____

A

neurons

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12
Q

The majority of the cerebellum is ___ matter

A

grey matter

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13
Q

In the cerebellum there is a small portion of ___matter on the inside

A

white matter

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14
Q

What is motor memory of the cerebellum

A

stores learned movements, consciousness –> unconscious movements e.g bike

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15
Q

3 divisions of the cerebellum

A

cerebrocerebellum
spinocerebellum
vestibularcerebellum

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16
Q

large area in humans of the cerebellum

A

cerebrocerebellum

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17
Q

Which part of cerebellum receives inputs from the cerebral cortex

A

cerebrocerebellum

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18
Q

What is the cerebrocerebellum involved in

A

regulation of highly skilled movements

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19
Q

Where does the spinocerebellum receive inputs from

A

spinal cord

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20
Q

What are the lateral parts of the spinocerebellum involved in

A

movement of distal muscles

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21
Q

what are the central parts (vermis) of the spinocerebellum involved in

A

movement of proximal muscles

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22
Q

What does the vestibulocerebellum include

A

nodulus and flocculus (see picture)

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23
Q

Where does the vestibulocerebellum receive inputs from

A

the vestibular nuclei in brainstem

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24
Q

How is the cerebellum attached to the pons in the brainstem?

A

cerebellar peduncles

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25
Q

The superior cerebellar peduncle is

A

an (almost) entirely efferent pathway from cerebellum

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26
Q

The middle cerebellar peduncle is

A

an afferent pathway to the cerebellum via pons

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27
Q

The inferior cerebellar peduncle is

A

both afferent and efferent pathways

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28
Q

Where are the main inputs into the cerebellum from (2)

A

motor cortex and parietal cortex

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29
Q

Where are less main inputs into the cerebellum from

A

spinal cord

vestibular nucleus

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30
Q

Where do motor inputs from the cerebral cortex cross to the opposite cerebellar hemispheres

A

relay neurons in the pons

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31
Q

What does the inferior olive input into the cerebellum

A

learning, timing, memory

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32
Q

What are the main output structures of the cerebellum

A

deep cerebellar nuclei

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33
Q

where does the cerebrocerebellum project information to

A

dentate nucleus

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34
Q

where does the vestibulocerebellum project information

A

vestibular nuclei (and via fastigal nucleus)

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35
Q

Where does the central (vermis) spinocerebellum project information

A

fastigial nucleus (proximal/ trunk)

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36
Q

where does the lateral spinocerebellum project information to

A

interposed nucleus (distal limbs)

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37
Q

Main cell types of the inputs of cerebellum (2)

A

climbing fibres

mossy fibres

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38
Q

main cell type of outputs of the cerebellum

A

purkinje cells

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39
Q

Main interneuron in the cerebellum

A

granule

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40
Q

What are the three main cell layers of the cerebellar cortex

A

molecular layer (top)
purkinje cell layer (middle)
granule cell layer (bottom)

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41
Q

which fibres carry most inputs from cerebral cortex, spinal cord and vestibular system

A

mossy fibres

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42
Q

what fibres modify the output of the purkinje fibres (inferior olive)

A

climbing fibres

43
Q

Where/ what do mossy fibres synapse with

A

granule cells in the granule layer

44
Q

What is specialised about granule cells

A

they have an axon which goes up to the molecular layer and forms long parallel fibres

45
Q

Where do granule cells synapse

A

onto the dendrites of the purkinje fibres

46
Q

What cells output the response from the cerebellum

A

purkinje cells

47
Q

What kind of signals do climbing fibres carry

A

error signals

48
Q

Where do purkinje fibres synapse

A

deep cerebellar nuclei

49
Q

What neurotransmitter does purkinje fibres use

A

GABA

50
Q

IS GABA excitatory or inhibitory

A

Inhibitory

51
Q

How many inferior olive neurons (climbing fibres) input purkinje fibres

A

just 1 (but strong input)

52
Q

Which side of the body are movement errors from cerebellar damage

A

same side

53
Q

lesions to spinocerebellum cause

A

impaired gait (wide base, slow shuffling )

54
Q

Lesions to the cerebrocerebellum

A

impairment in highly skilled movement

55
Q

Lesions to the vestibular cerebellum

A

disturbance of balance and eye movements

56
Q

Cerebellar ataxia=

A

jerky, uncoordinated movements

57
Q

dyssynergia=

A

loss of synergistic multi-joint movement (finger to nose move other joints first)

58
Q

Dysmetria

A

inability to judge movement

59
Q

dysdiadochokinesia

A

inability to perform rapid, alternating movement

60
Q

Intention tremor

A

tremor when trying to move

61
Q

Ataxic dysarthria

A

slurred speech

62
Q

Which area of the cerebellum does alcohol damage

A

anterior cerebellum

63
Q

What does damage to the anterior cerebellum affect most

A

movement of the lower limbs

64
Q

Anterior spinocerebellum includes

A

lower limb movements

65
Q

5 basal ganglia nuclei

A 
Caudate nucleus 
Putamen 
Globus pallidus 
Substantia nigra
Sub-thalamic nucleus
66
Q

Striatum=

A

input zone

67
Q

striatum is made from

A

caudate nucleus+ putamen

68
Q

Globus pallidus+ substantia nigra (pars reticulata)=

A

outputzone

69
Q

The basal ganglia role

A

exerts inhibitory influences to modulate the initiation and termination of motor commands

70
Q

Glutament=

A

excitatory

71
Q

A lot of inputs into the basal ganglia are from__

A

frontal lobes (motor cortex) and parietal lobes (sensory association areas)

72
Q

What neurons in the striatum receive inputs

A

medium spiny neurons

73
Q

What neurotransmitter does the nigrostriatal pathway use

A

dopamine

74
Q

Two parts of the substantial nigra

A

Pars compacta

Pars retticulata

75
Q

Nigrostriatal pathway goes from the

A

substania nigra pars compacta —> striatum

76
Q

What are the two pathways from the basil ganglia

A

direct pathway

indirect pathway

77
Q

Which pathway inhibits the thalamus

A

indirect pathway

78
Q

Which pathway removes inhibition on the thalamus

A

direct pathway

79
Q

Both pathways follow the_______loop

A

cortical striatal loop

80
Q

Direct pathway has how many negatives

A

2

81
Q

indirect pathway has how many negatives

A

3

82
Q

basic direct pathway (not including dopamine)

A
  1. motor cortex sends impulses to the striatum
  2. increasing the striatums inhibition of the globus pallidus (internal)
  3. Globus pallidus is more inhibited and can’t inhibit the thalamus as much
  4. Thalamus can send more excitatory impulses to the motor cortex
  5. initiating movement
83
Q

Direct pathway substania nigra

A

Dopamine from the substania nigra (pars compacta) further excites the striatum increasing inhibition on the globus pallidus

84
Q

Indirect pathway simple

A
  1. motor cortex excites striatum
  2. excited striatum increases inhibition of globus pallidus external
  3. more inhibition of the globus pallidus external–> less inhibition of the subthalamic nucleus
  4. The subthalamic nucleus can now send more excitatory signals to globus pallidus internal
  5. Globus pallidus internal is more excited and can send more inhibitory signals to thalamus
  6. inhibited thalamus–> decrease in movement
85
Q

Weird part of indirect pathway

A

The globus pallidus external also inhibits the globus pallidus internal, this would decrease the activity of the internal part decreasing movement (not what the indirect pathway usually does)

86
Q

What effect does the substantia nigra (pars compacta) have on the indirect pathway

A

inhibits the indirect pathway via D2 receptors in the striatum, decreasing the effect of the indirect pathway.

87
Q

TRAP in parkinsons=

A

Tremor of hands
Rigidity of muscles
Akinesia
Postural problems

88
Q

Akinesia=

A

absence or poverty of movement

89
Q

What does Parkinsons do biologically

A

Degeneration of neurons in substania nigra

so decrease in dopamine availability

90
Q

Wha result does parkinsons have on the indirect pathway

A

increased activity of the indirect pathway

91
Q

What effect does parkinsons have on the direct pathway

A

decreased activity

92
Q

What is L-DOPA (levodopa)

A

A precursor of dopamine, boosts dopamine levels in substania nigra

93
Q

Side effects of L-DOPA

A

drug resistance,
involuntary movements (dyskinesia)
Psychosis.

94
Q

What do dopamine agonists do

A

stimulate postsynaptic dopamine receptors in striatum

95
Q

Side effects of dopamine agonists

A

sudden sleepiness

96
Q

What are fetal cell transplants

A

transplantation of metal mesencephalic cells (stem cells) into putamen

97
Q

Other surgery options for parkinsons

A

implanted electrode to inactivate globus pallidus

/ remove globus pallidus or thalamus

98
Q

Which chromosome does huntingtons effect

A

number 4

99
Q

What is huntingtons disease

A

loss of output neurons of striatum

100
Q

What is the result of huntingtons

A

cortical motor areas become overactive

Excessive jerky movements

101
Q

Which pathway does huntingtons affect

A

indirect pathway

102
Q

What is hemiballismus

A

rapid flinging and violent movements of limbs (on one side of body) caused by damage to subthalamic nucleus

103
Q

treatment of hemiballismus

A

deplete dopamine levels (similar to hungtintons)

Block 5 ellen (17 decks)

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