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Block 5 ellen > Building and maintaining the skeleton L3 > Flashcards

Building and maintaining the skeleton L3 Flashcards

1
Q

Function of bones (2)

A

Protect organs

provide support and rigidity in limbs

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2
Q

How is the form of the skeleton determined

A

genetic & functional signals

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3
Q

What is bone formed from in the head

A

neural crest–>develops membrane, which then ossifies and forms bone

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4
Q

What is bone formed from in the body

A

Cartilaginous (made of cartilage models) apart from clavicle

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5
Q

Name three things migrated neural crest cells form

A

dorsal root ganglia
sympathetic chain ganglia
cells of the adrenal medulla

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6
Q

How do individual vertebrae know the identity they should become?

A

Patterning genes = hox genes

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7
Q

What are patterning genes called

A

hox genes

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8
Q

What do hox genes not control

A

Do not control the building of the vertebrae or any bones (just give the signal for what identity the bone should have)

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9
Q

When do limb buds develop?

A

4-5 weeks

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10
Q

Which limbs develop first?

A

The forelimb

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11
Q

What process forms the digits

A

programmed cell death

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12
Q

What does the apical ectodermal ridge control

A

signalling from the root to the tip of the limb

–> gives a signal to grow length wise

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13
Q

What does the zone of polarizing activity control

A

signalling from side-side on the limb

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14
Q

Endochondral ossification

A

develops in pre-existing cartilage (body of the skeleton)

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15
Q

intramembranous ossification

A

membrane models (skull and clavicle|)

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16
Q

Order of bone structure

A

Epiphysis
Physis (epiphyseal growth plate)
Metaphysis
Diaphysis

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17
Q

What causes a bone to ossify

A

the invading blood vessels

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18
Q

Where does ossification begin

A

the diaphysis

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19
Q

Where is the second ossification

A

At the end of long bones, under the influence of blood vessels

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20
Q

Where does cartilage expand

A

in the epiphyseal plate, driving the plates apart from the metaphysis.

21
Q

What happens at puberty

A

sex hormones released cause cartilage to stop growing

22
Q

What is left behind as a mark of bone growth

A

A epiphyseal line

23
Q

What are bones and cartilages

A

connective tissue

24
Q

What are chondrocytes

A

produce and maintain the cartilaginous matrix

25
Q

What are chondrocytes derived from

A

chondroblasts

which secretes matrix and then tombs itself trapping itself, converting into a chondrocyte

26
Q

Disadvantage of cartilage

A

it can’t adapt once laid down, avascular (v low blood supply)

27
Q

What do chondrocytes lie in

A

lacuna

28
Q

How do bones grow in diameter

A

laying bone on the outer surface, under the periosteum

29
Q

How do bones grow in length

A

extensions at the cartilaginous growth plate
Cartilage proliferates from the epiphysis forcing apart the ends of the bone by stretching muscles and tendons that cross along the bone

30
Q

Why is it hard to tell a fracture on a kid

A

they have growth plates

31
Q

What do long bones consist of (2)

A

Cortex

Cancellous bone

32
Q

What is the cortex

A

outer-shell of bone, made of compact bone, not very porous

33
Q

What are circumferential lamellae called

A

osteons (layers and layers of bone with cells trapped between)

34
Q

What is cancellous/trabecular bone

A

At the end of long bones—> spongy network of bony tissue

35
Q

What is the middle off the shaft like in long bones

A

completely hollow

36
Q

Bone made off (3)

A

Cells
Fibres
Mineralised ground substance

37
Q

Osteoblasts

A

lay down unmineralised material (osteoid)

38
Q

What is osteoid

A

Unmineralised material

39
Q

Key feature about bone

A

it can adapt rapidly by altering the way you load it

40
Q

What detects change in bone loading

A

osteocytes

41
Q

What are osteoclasts

A

multi-cellular derived in similar way to macrophages

42
Q

What do osteons drill through to create structure

A

woven bone

43
Q

What is the canal formed in the middle of osteons

A

Haversian canal (surrounded by concentric lamellae, with osteocytes trapped in them)

44
Q

What happens to bones when loading is less server

A

Cortical bone is made into less dense cancellous bone (particularly at the end of long bones)

45
Q

Osteoclasts

A

destroy bone – resorption

46
Q

Osteoporosis =

A

deposition & resorption out of balance –> bone thinning–> fracture

47
Q

Three types of joints

A

fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial

48
Q

Main issue of synovial joints

A

articular cartilage can be worn down easily

49
Q

5 stages of fracture healing

A

Haematoma
Subperiosteal &; endosteal cell prolifertion
Callus- woven bone
Consolidation -(woven bone to lamellar bone)
Remodelling

Block 5 ellen (17 decks)

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