Human Growth and Development- Week 1

Question 1

Fives stages of psycho sexual development

Answer 1

Freud’s Model of Development

Question 2

Infants focus of gratification involves the mouth
Primary need is security
Security needs are met when caretakers provide baby with essentials

Answer 2

Oral stage (birth to 18mos)

Question 3

Child’s focus of gratification involves the anus and bladder
Internal conflict arises during potty training

Answer 3

Anal stage (18mos to age 3)

Question 4

Oedipus and Electra complexes may occur
Pseudo-sexual attraction to the parent of the opposite gender
Conflict arises when the child realizes they failed to win control over the parents’ bond with one another

Answer 4

Phallic stage (age 3-6)

Question 5

Child’s sexual interests become subdued or dormant
Energy is focus on school, hobbies, athletics, and mastering social skills

Answer 5

Latent stage (age 6 to puberty)

Question 6

Teen becomes aware of physical changes and onset of sexual feelings
Less egocentric and more compassionate
Seek relationships that are emotionally and sexually satisfying
(Freud)

Answer 6

Genital stage (puberty until death)

Question 7

Eight stages of development focused on social contexts’ impact on child development

Answer 7

Erikson’s Model of Development

Question 8

Learning to trust others
Trust occurs when a caretaker appropriately responds to a need in a timely, caring manner

Answer 8

Trust vs Mistrust (birth to 18mos)
Basic Virtue: Hope

Question 9

Primary goal is development of self-control without loss of self-esteem
Toddler develops cooperation and self-expression skills
Failure to reach this goal leads to defiance, anger, and social problems

Answer 9

Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt (18mos to age 3)
Basic Virtue: Will

Question 10

Initiative- Devising a plan and seeing it to completion
Guilt- generated by fear that actions taken will lead to disapproval
Failure to achieve initiative can lead to anxiety and fearfulness in new situations

Answer 10

Initiative vs guilt (age 3-6)
Basic Virtue: Purpose

Question 11

Industry- purposeful, meaningful behavior
Inferiority- having a sense of unworthiness or uselessness
Child focusing on learning skills, such as making friends and self-activities
Failure in this stage could lead to negative social or academic performance and the lack of self-confidence

Answer 11

Industry vs Inferiority (age 6-11)
Basic Virtue: Competency

Question 12

Desire to fit in and figure out identity
Confusion is result of juggling many physical changes, increased responsibilities and need to understand how one fits into bigger picture

Answer 12

Identity vs Role Confusion (age 12-18)
Basic Virtue: Fidelity

Question 13

Ability to take risks in adulthood
Failure leads to isolation, loneliness and depression

Answer 13

Intimacy vs Isolation (age 18-40)
Basic Virtue: Love

Question 14

Stage involves developing stability in different areas of life
Failure leads to unhappiness with one’s status and feeling unimportant

Answer 14

Generativity vs Stagnation (age 40-60)
Basic Virtue: Care

Question 15

Important life tasks are being completed in this stage
Reviewing how time was spent
Success = sense of fulfillment, failure = dissatisfaction with accomplishments

Answer 15

Ego-Integrity vs Despair (mid-sixties to death)
Basic Virtue: Wisdom

Question 16

Children’s minds are not just smaller adult minds, growing and developing in different ways

Answer 16

Piaget model of development: influenced education

Question 17

Process where person accepts and organizes info then incorporates new material into existing knowledge

Answer 17

Assimilation (part of Piaget model)

Question 18

Process by which old ideas must be changed or replaced due to obtaining new info from the environment

Answer 18

Accommodation (part of Piaget model)

Question 19

A set of thoughts and ideas that fit together and are constantly challenged by new information

Answer 19

Schemas (part of Piaget model)

Question 20

Object permanence- baby realizes that objects still exist even when they can’t see it
Fear of abandonment reduced and confidence about environment increases

Answer 20

Stage 1: sensorimotor stage- birth to age 2

(part of Piaget model)

Question 21

Can use symbols, and categorize things on a basic level
Egocentric
Trouble understanding logic and differing opinions
Piaget

Answer 21

Stage 2: Preoperational Stage- age 2-7

Question 22

Able to problem solve and reach logical conclusions
Previously held beliefs are questioned
Piaget

Answer 22

Stage 3: Concrete Operational Stage- age 7 to 12

Question 23

Egocentrism decreases
New schemas are created
Assimilation and accommodations for others occurs
Piaget

Answer 23

Stage 4: Formal Operational Stage- age 12 to end of life)

Question 24

Ringing bell paired with presentation of food to condition response

Answer 24

Ian Pavlov Classical Conditioning

Question 25

Behavior that is reinforced will increased and behaviors that are punished decrease

Answer 25

BF Skinner Operant Conditioning

Question 26

Anything serving as a reward

Answer 26

Positive reinforcement (Part of BF Skinner’s Operant Conditioning)

Question 27

Unpleasant stimulus that is removed when behavior is elicited (I.e. man cutting grass to prevent wife from nagging)

Answer 27

Negative reinforcement (Part of BF Skinner’s Operant Conditioning)

Question 28

Unpleasant response from environment (I.e. a slap, unkind word or speeding ticket) that will likely cease unwanted behavior Problems that arise: once punishment is removed behavior may continue, can also cause resentment and humiliation

Answer 28

Punishment (Part of BF Skinner’s Operant Conditioning)

Question 29

Incorrect perception that one stimulus is connected to another

Answer 29

Superstition (Part of BF Skinner’s Operant Conditioning)

Question 30

Changing behavior gradually by rewarding approximations of desired behavior

Answer 30

Shaping (Part of BF Skinner’s Operant Conditioning)

Question 31

Rewards every time a behavior is demonstrated

Answer 31

Continuous rate (Part of BF Skinner’s Operant Conditioning) Schedule of reinforcement

Question 32

Reward given after fixed number of attempts

Answer 32

Fixed ration (Part of BF Skinner’s Operant Conditioning) Schedule of reinforcement

Question 33

Rewards are unpredictable

Answer 33

Variable ratio (Part of BF Skinner’s Operant Conditioning) Schedule of reinforcement

Question 34

Reward is given only after a specific amount of time has passed

Answer 34

Fixed interval (Part of BF Skinner’s Operant Conditioning) Schedule of reinforcement

Question 35

Reward is given after an unpredictable amount of time has passed

Answer 35

Variable interval (Part of BF Skinner’s Operant Conditioning) Schedule of reinforcement

Question 36

Behavior eradicated as it is no longer being reinforced

Answer 36

Extinction (Part of BF Skinner’s Operant Conditioning) Schedule of reinforcement

Question 37

Stage ends at age 22 (Levinson’s Seasons of Life Theory) Developing state of independence, growth and transitions prepare for adulthood

Answer 37

Pre-adulthood stage

Question 38

Age 17-22 (Levinson’s Seasons of Life Theory) adolescence ends and person starts making decisions about adult life, potential separation from family

Answer 38

Early adulthood transition

Question 39

Age 17-45 (Levinson’s Seasons of Life Theory) Greatest amount of both energy and stress due to establishing families and careers simultaneously

Answer 39

Early adulthood stage

Question 40

Age 40-45 (Levinson’s Seasons of Life Theory) More reflection and compassion Less concern with external demands, values may change

Answer 40

Midlife transition

Question 41

Age 40-65 (Levinson’s Seasons of Life Theory) Biological capacity starts to diminish Taking on mentoring roles Retirement talks

Answer 41

Middle adulthood stage

Question 42

Age 60 to death (Levinson’s Seasons of Life Theory) Time of reflection on other stages and accomplishments Declining power and less accolades of work performed

Answer 42

Late adulthood

Question 43

An understood expectation for when certain life events should happen Stress occurs when people do not adhere to timeframe established by society

Answer 43

Social clock theory- Bernice Neugarten

Question 44

The range of tasks that a child can carry out with assistance but not independently

Answer 44

Zone of proximal development

Question 45

Social development

Answer 45

Development of skills that maintain effective relationships and help contribute to society

Question 46

Social learning

Answer 46

Taught directly by caregivers and educators, indirectly by experience of various social relationships

Question 47

Sexually reactive child

Answer 47

One who is exposed to sexual stimuli prior to being mature enough to understand the implications. Overly preoccupied with sexual matters and often acts out what they witnessed or experienced