Human Geography: Industry Flashcards
What 3 regions are 3/4 of the world’s manufacturing clustered in?
- Europe
- East Asia
- North America
What are the 3 site factors?
- Labor
- Land
- Capital
What is the most important site factor?
Labor
Characteristics of Labor-Intensive Industries (Site Factors)
- Wages and compensation constitutes high % of expenses
- $35/hr = developed countries (benefits add to costs)
- $2/hr = developing countries
Characteristics of Land (Site Factor)
- Proximity to major highways important
- Junction points critical
Characteristics of Capital (Site Factor)
- Funds to establish new factories or expand existing ones
- Location near funding sources important
Textile = _______
woven fabrics
Apparel = ______
clothing
Textile and apparel production typically requires…
less skilled, low-wage workers
What are the 3 steps of textile and apparel production?
- Spinning
- Weaving
- Assembly
Characteristics of Spinning
- Cotton = principle natural fiber (3/4 is cotton)
- Wool
- Labor intensive
- Low-wage countries
Characteristics of Weaving
- Labor constitutes a high % of production cost
- Highly clustered in low-wage countries
Characteristics of Assembly
- Garments, carpets, home products, industrials
- Most consumers in developed countries
Involving transporting materials to and from a factory
Situation Factors
What are the 2 situation factors?
- Proximity to inputs
- Proximity to markets
(proximity to inputs): If inputs are expensive to transport –>
factory will locate near inputs
Characteristics of Bulk-reducing industry
- Industry where inputs weigh more than the final product
- Locates near source of inputs
- Ex: Copper production
What situation factor is bulk-reducing industry a part of?
Proximity to inputs
Cost of transporting goods to critical to 3 types of industries
Proximity to markets
What are the 3 types of industries for proximity to markets?
- Bulk-gaining industry
- Single-market manufacturers
- Perishable products
Characteristics of Bulk-gaining industry
- Makes something that gains volume or weight during production
- Ex: Beverages
Characteristics of single-market manufacturers
- Make products sold to 1 or 2 customers
- Close to customers
- Ex: buttons, zippers
Characteristics of perishable products
- Must be located near markets - rapid
- Ex: Milk and baked goods
Automobile manufacturing =
bulk-gaining industry
About ___ million new vehicles sold annually worldwide
90
Where has Auto Production in the U.S. shifted?
shifted from northeast toward south and west
Swath of assembly plants located in interior from Michigan to Alabama
“Auto Alley”
(Steel) Minimills are ___% of today’s U.S. steel market
25
What is the main input of minimills (steel) and why?
scrap metal because it is cheaper
Characteristics of restructuring the steel industry
- China responsible for greatest amount (increased industrial demand (auto))
- Production in developed countries stagnated
Location where companies use multiple transportation modes, facilitated by containerization
Break-of-Bulk-Points
Characteristics of Ship by air
- Most expensive
- Ship packages long distance in a hurry
Characteristic of Ship by boat
Ships are attractive for long distance = cost is very low
Characteristic of Ship by Rail
Trains are used to ship to destination that take longer than 1 day to reach
Characteristic of Ship by truck
Optimal for short distances = loaded and unloaded quickly and cheaply
Shipment of parts and materials to arrive at factory moments before needed
Just-In-Time Delivery
Characteristics of Just-In-Time Delivery
- Important for delivery of inputs
- Reduces money tied up in wasteful inventory
What are the now 4, previously 3, types of disruptions of Just-In-Time Delivery
- Labor unrest
- Traffic
- Natural hazards
- Pandemic emergency
Emerging Industrial Regions
“BRICS” Countries
Much of the world’s future growth in manufacturing expected to cluster:
Brazil, Russia India, China, South Africa (BRICS Countries)
(Video) Chemicals from the Tanneries entering the water can cause…
- Eyes to turn yellow
- Pale skin
- Rashes
- Diarrhea
- Fevers
(Video) What is a danger of the water
Hepatitis
(Video) What are some of the chemicals in the tanneries?
- Sodium
- Acid
- Chloride
Union and a company may not negotiate a contract that requires workers to join a union as a condition of employment
Open Shop
Company and union agree that everyone must join the union to work in the factory
Closed shop
In the U.S., where has manufacturing declined?
In the Northeast and Great Lake states
In the U.S., where has manufacturing increased?
In the South and West
