Human Geography Ch.1 + 10 Flashcards
Geography was created by who?
Eratosthenes (greek scholar)
“Geo” means _______, and “graphy” means _______
earth, to write
the study of places and the relationships between people and their environments
Geography
a scale model of the real world
map
transferring locations on Earth’s surface to a flat map
projection
determines precise position of something on earth
global positioning systems (GPS)
captures, stores, queries, and displays the geographic data
geographic information systems (GIS)
the position that something occupies on Earth’s surface
location
location of a place relative to other places (helps find an unfamiliar place by comparing it with a familiar one)
situation
physical characteristic of a place (ex: climate, water sources, topography, soil, vegetation, latitude, longitude)
site
area on earth with a unique combination of cultural and physical features
region
an area organized around a node or focal point. the importance diminishes as you move away from the vocal point. (ex: Chicago)
functional (nodal) region
an area in which everyone shares in common one or more distinctive characteristics (ex: language, climate, and economic activity). this type of region helps explain global or national activity.
formal (uniform) region
an area that people believe exists as part of their cultural identity (ex: the south, midwest)
vernacular region
from global to local. relationship between portion of earth being studied and earth as a whole.
scale
actions and processes that involve the entire world
globalization
globalization: conduct research, operate factories, sells products in several countries
transnational (multinational) corporation
Can produce a Uniform culture
Despite globalization, cultural differences among places persist
globalization of culture
the physical gap or interval between two objects
space
the arrangement of a feature in space
distribution
the frequency with which something occurs in space (ex: people per square mile)
density
extent of features spread over space (ex: cluster)
concentration
the arrangement of objects in space (geometric or irregular)
pattern
______________ in space vary according to gender, ethnicity, and sexuality
patterns
increasing gap in economic conditions between rich + poor countries
uneven spatial development
interaction between places (ex. train tracks, highways)
connection
the process of spread of a feature or trend from one place to another over time
diffusion
the region from which innovative ideas originate
hearth
Indicator of level of development for each country, constructed by United Nations, combining income, literacy, education, and life expectancy
Human Development Index (HDI)
highest score for HDI
1.0 (100%)
spread of a feature by physical movement of people from place to place (people moving = carrying culture)
relocation diffusion
spread of a feature from one place to another in an additive process
expansion diffusion
spread of an idea from people or nodes of power to other people or places
hierarchical expansion diffusion
rapid, wide spread diffusion of a characteristic throughout the population (ex: viruses)
contagious expansion diffusion
connections between cultural groups
spatial interaction
to become like others (ex: clothing)
assimilation
adopting only certain customs that will be to a person’s advantage (ex: learning a new language if moving to an area w/ a different language)
acculturation
the effects of distance on interaction, generally the greater the distance the less interaction
distance decay
the reduction in the time it takes for something to reach another place.
space time compression
the process of improving the material conditions of people through diffusion of knowledge and technology
development
___________________ countries = more wealthy
developed
______________________ countries = tend to be more poor
(divided into high, medium, or low development)
developing
measures the well being of a country’s people by factoring standard of living, access to knowledge, and longevity
human development index
retrieval and production of raw materials (ex: mining, agriculture)
primary economic structure
processing, transforming, fabricating, or assembling the raw materials, refinishing or packaging of materials (ex: industry, manufacturing)
secondary economic structure
sales and exchange of goods and services (ex: entertainment, lawyers, retail)
tertiary economic structure
status of women is lower than men in every country
gender inequality
compares the levels of indicators for females to those of males within a country (based upon empowerment, employment, and reproductive health)
gender inequality index (GII)
higher score on the GII = _______ inequality
higher
use of earth’s resources in ways that assume availability in the future
sustainability
spread of an underlying principle
stimulus diffusion
