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Human Geography > Human Geography Ch. 5 > Flashcards

Human Geography Ch. 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

Characteristics of language

A
  • System of communication through speech
  • Collection of sounds a group of people understand to have the same meaning
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2
Q

Used by government for conducting business and publishing documents

A

Official language

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3
Q

Characteristics of a language family

A
  • Collection of languages related through a common ancestral language
  • Existed before written history
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4
Q

Characteristics of a language branch

A
  • Collection of languages within a family related through a common ancestral language
  • Existed several thousand years ago
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5
Q

Collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in relatively recent past

A

Language Group

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6
Q

What two language families are used by 2/3 of the world?

A

Indo-European and Sino-Tibetan

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7
Q

What are the 4 branches of Indo-European languages?

A

Germanic, Indo-Iranian, Romance, and Balto-Slavic

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8
Q

What languages are Germanic?

A

Scandinavian languages

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9
Q

Characteristics of the Indo-Iranian branch

A
  • Most speakers
  • Most widely used in South Asia (Hindi in India)
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10
Q

What did Romance evolve from?

A

Latin

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11
Q

What are examples of Romance languages?

A

Spanish, Portuguese, French, and Italian

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12
Q

Balto-Slavic is most widely used in ______

A

Russia

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13
Q

Where are Balto-Slavic languages?

A

Russia and Eastern Europe

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14
Q

What are the three possible ways of how languages spread?

A

Diffusion, Nomadic Warrior Theory, and Sedentary Farmer Theory

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15
Q

How would languages spread through diffusion?

A
  • Through migration
  • Migration and isolation are key dialect-formation processes
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16
Q

Characteristics of the Nomadic Warrior Theory

A
  • First Indo-European speakers may have been Kurgan people
  • Conquered much of Europe and South Asia (in search of grassland for animals)
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17
Q

Colin Renfrew believes Indo-European migrated in Europe and South Asia with agricultural practices

A

Sedentary Farmer Theory

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18
Q

English =

A

language of England

19
Q

How did English spread?

A

Migration from England to various parts of the world

20
Q

English is the official language in ___ countries

A

54

21
Q

Where is English predominant?

A

U.S., Australia, UK

22
Q

What language may become the leading language by online users? (possibly also most important language of social media)

A

Chinese

23
Q

Language of international communication

A

Lingua Franca

24
Q

Characteristics of Lingua Franca

A
  • Spread through diffusion
  • English most important
25
Q

Mixes simplified grammar and limited vocabulary of lingua franca with another language

A

Pidgin English

26
Q

________ is regional variation of a language distinguished by _______, _______, and ________.

A

Dialect
vocabulary, spelling, pronunciation

27
Q

A subdivision of a dialect

A

Subdialect

28
Q

Generally speakers of one dialect ___ understand of another dialect

A

can

29
Q

Dialects in U.S. are a result of _________ movement of colonists from 3 East Coast dialect regions

A

westward

30
Q

Word-usage boundary

A

Isoglosses

31
Q

What is an example of an isoglass?

A

Soft drink dialects

32
Q

Why is there a difference between American and British dialects?

A

Isolation

33
Q

When did American and British dialects evolve differently?

A

18th and 19th centuries

34
Q

In what ways does U.S. English differ from England’s?

A
  • Vocabulary
  • Spelling
  • Pronunciation
35
Q

Why is the U.S. English vocabulary different from that in England?

A

Different encounters and inventions

36
Q

Why is the U.S. English spelling different from that in England?

A

Diverged because of U.S. strong national identity

37
Q

Why is the U.S. English pronunciation different from that in England?

A

Interaction was done largely through print

38
Q

Language unrelated to any other language

A

Isolated language

39
Q

What type of language is not attached to any language family

A

Isolated language

40
Q

Once used by people in daily activities but no longer in use

A

Extinct languages

41
Q

What are extinct languages due to?

A

Globalization

42
Q

Language at risk of extinction because it has few surviving speakers

A

Endangered languages

43
Q

Endangered languages are spoken by ______ generations

A

older

Human Geography (13 decks)

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