Human Geography Ch. 2 Flashcards
2/3 of the world’s population is clustered into what 4 regions?
East Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia, Europe
What kind of physical environments do humans avoid?
dry lands, cold lands, mountainous lands, lands that are too wet
Total number of people divided by total land area
Arithmetic (Population) Density
What are the 3 measures of population change?
Natural Increase Rate (NIR), Crude Birth Rate (CBR), Crude Death Rate (CDR)
What are the characteristics of Natural Increase Rate (NIR)
- only uses birth and death rates
- excludes migration
Greatest NIR = __________ countries
developing
Least NIR = _________ countries
developed
Total number of live births in a year per 1,000 people alive in society
Crude Birth Rate (CBR)
Who has the highest Crude Birth Rate?
Sub Africa
Who is an example of having lower Crude Birth Rates?
Europe
Total number of deaths in a year per 1,000 people alive
Crude Death Rate (CDR)
Process of change in a country’s population
Demographic Transition
What kind of growth does Stage 2 of the demographic transition have?
high growth
What kind of growth does Stage 3 of the demographic transition have?
Moderate Growth
What kind of growth does Stage 4 of the demographic transition have?
low growth (stable)
What are the characteristics of Stage 2 of the demographic transition?
- High CBR
- Lower CDR
- Very high NIR
- Healthcare improves
What are the characteristics of Stage 3 of the demographic transition?
- CBR and CDR fall
- Moderate NIR
- Better education, birth control
- Desire for less children
What are the characteristics of Stage 4 of the demographic transition?
- More death than births
- 0 or negative NIR
- Good education and hygiene
- Desire for smaller families
What is the economy for Stage 2 of the demographic transition?
agriculture
What is the economy for Stage 3 of the demographic transition?
industry
What is the economy for Stage 4 of the demographic transition?
services
What is an example of Stage 2 of the demographic transition?
Sub-Saharan Africa
What is an example of Stage 3 of the demographic transition?
India, China, Mexico
What is an example of Stage 4 of the demographic transition?
Denmark
number of males per 100 females in a population
Sex Ratio
Annual number of female deaths per 100,000 live births (cod related to pregnancy)
Maternal Mortality rate (MMR)
Why is maternal mortality rate higher in the US than other developed countries?
low-income access to healthcare
Average number of children a woman will have during childbearing years (15-49)
Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
Annual number of deaths of infants under age 1 per 1,000 live births
Infant Mortality Rate (IMF)
Number of working age people (15-64) divided by number of persons 65 or older
Elderly Support Ration
Number of people too young or too old to work
Dependency Ratio
Developing countries = _____ number of children
large
Developed countries = _______ population
aging
Number of years a newborn infant can expect to live, assuming current mortality levels
Life Expectancy
Graph that displays % of a population for each age and gender (determined largely by CBR)
Population Pyramid
What are the characteristics of medical services in developed countries?
- spend more on health care
- more hospital beds & doctors per capita
Incidence, distribution, and control of diseases that affect a large number of people
The Epidemiologic Transition
What is Stage 2 of the epidemiologic transition?
pandemics
What is Stage 3 of the epidemiologic transition?
degenerative diseases
What is Stage 4 of the epidemiologic transition?
delayed degenerative diseases
disease that occurs over a wide geographic are
pandemic
What are the characteristics of degenerative diseases?
- decreasing deaths from infectious diseases
- increase in chronic disorders (aging)
What are the characteristics of delayed degenerative diseases?
- cancer and cardiovascular diseases still present
- medical advances extends life expectancies
- increase in obesity in stage 4 countries
Number of people in an area exceeds capacity of environment to support life at a decent standard of living
overpopulation
What did Malthus say about overpopulation?
the population is growing much more rapidly than Earth’s food supply
Hunger and famine are _______ problems - not production problems
distribution
World food production has _________ faster than NIR
increased
What kind of growth does Stage 5 of the demographic transition have?
decline
What are the characteristics of Stage 5 of the demographic transition?
- Very low CBR
- Increasing CDR
- Negative NIR
What country might be the first to reach Stage 5 of the demographic transition?
Japan
What is the possible Stage 5 of the epidemiological transition?
Infectious Diseases (previously controlled and eradicated diseases return; new diseases emerge)
What are the reasons for the possible Stage 5 of the epidemiological transition?
evolution, poverty, and increased connections (rapid and widespread transportation)
CBR has ________ rapidly since 1990
declined
What are the two population reduction strategies
education and health care
What are the characteristics of the education population reduction strategies?
- wealthier communities have more to spend
- educated women = greater economic control over their lives
What are the characteristics of the health care population reduction strategies?
- better health care leads to lower IMRs
- distribution to contraceptives
