Hospital Acquired Infection

Question 1

Define a HAI.

Answer 1

Hospital Acquired Infection - infection occurs as a result of healthcare activity, not incubating at time of initial healthcare exposure.

Question 2

State a source of pathogens.

Answer 2

Endogenous - live in/on patients (skin/gut flora). Exogenous - acquired from hospital environment/us and other patients.

Question 3

State an example of Endogenous Skin Flora bacteria.

Answer 3

S. aureus. S. epidermidis.

Question 4

State where S. aureus found.

Answer 4

Nose and perineum. Colonisation in Atopic Dermatitis.

Question 5

State where S. epidermidis found.

Answer 5

Abundant. Long lines.

Question 6

State the two types of skin flora.

Answer 6

Resident skin flora. Transient skin flora.

Question 7

What is the function of resident skin flora?

Answer 7

Protective function. Not easily removed from hand washing.

Question 8

What is the function of transient skin flora?

Answer 8

Loosely attached to skin surface. Easily transferred by direct contact. Easily removed with hand hygiene.

Question 9

State the types of Gut flora.

Answer 9

Stomach colonisation. Duodenal flora. Ileum. Large bowel.

Question 10

State 2 types of Urogenital flora.

Answer 10

Vaginal flora. Distal urethra.

Question 11

Give an example of an Exogenous bacteria.

Answer 11

C. difficile. Pseudomonas. S. aureus. Legionella.

Question 12

State a mode of transmission in Hospital Acquired Infections.

Answer 12

Contact (direct/indirect). Respiratory (droplet/aerosol). Common source (Faecal-oral/ingestion). Vector-borne (infection transmitted by blood-feeding anthropoids e.g. mosquitoes). Vertical - in utero or peripartum.

Question 13

State the 2 two types of contact transmission.

Answer 13

Direct contact. Indirect contact.

Question 14

Define direct contact.

Answer 14

Infected/colonised source e.g. bug on skin. No intermediary e.g. MRSA, MSSA, norovirus.

Question 15

Define indirect contact.

Answer 15

Infected/colonised source contaminates environment onto new individual.

Question 16

State a common source of S. aureus bacteraemia.

Answer 16

Intravascular catheters. Bone and joint infections. Endocarditis. Skin and soft tissue infections. Pneumonia.

Question 17

State the sites of endogenous transmission.

Answer 17

Urinary tract. Respiratory tract. GI tract. Loss of cutaneous integrity.

Question 18

State the types of environmental transmission.

Answer 18

Food. Water. Equipment. Contaminated IV fluids. Air.

Question 19

State the type of bacterial infection from food.

Answer 19

Salmonella. E. coli.

Question 20

State the type of bacterial infection from water.

Answer 20

Cryptosporidium. Legionella.

Question 21

State the type of bacteria infection from equipment.

Answer 21

Stenotrophomonas. Acinebacter.

Question 22

State the type of bacterial infection from contaminated IV fluids.

Answer 22

HIV. Hep B. Hep C. Malaria. Klebsiella.

Question 23

State the type of bacterial infection from found in air.

Answer 23

Cryptococcus.

Question 24

State a common bacteria.

Answer 24

Clostridium difficile.

Question 25

State the 4C’s (antibiotics associated with Clostridium difficile).

Answer 25

Cephalosporin. Co-amoxiclav. Clindamycin. Ciprofloxacin.

Question 26

State the two types of Respiratory Transmission.

Answer 26

Droplets (don’t penetrate beyond trachea). Aerosol (penetrate to alveoli).

Question 27

State one condition droplets cause.

Answer 27

Measles. Influenza. Norovirus.

Question 28

State one condition aerosols cause.

Answer 28

Chickenpox. TB. Norovirus.