Antimicrobial Therapy

Question 1

Give an example of an Antibacterial

Answer 1

Bactericidal. Bacteriostatic.

Question 2

Give an example of an Antifungal.

Answer 2

Yeasts. Moulds.

Question 3

Give an example of an Anti-parasite.

Answer 3

Helminths (worms). Protozoa (malaria). Parasiticides (lice).

Question 4

State a HAI for the Urinary Tract.

Answer 4

Cystitis. Pyelonephritis.

Question 5

State a HAI for a Skin.

Answer 5

Wound infection. Cellulitis. Bolis. Ulcers.

Question 6

State a HAI for Lungs.

Answer 6

Pneumonia. Bronchiestasis. Empyema.

Question 7

State a HAI for the Intra-abdominal.

Answer 7

Appendicitis. Diverticulitis. Peritonitis.

Question 8

State a HAI for the Bloodstream.

Answer 8

Bloodstream infection.

Question 9

State a HAI for the GI tract.

Answer 9

Salmonella. Liver abscess.

Question 10

State a HAI for the Genitals.

Answer 10

Pelvic inflammatory disease. STIs.

Question 11

State a HAI for the Meninges.

Answer 11

Meningitis.

Question 12

State the 3 areas Antibiotics work.

Answer 12

Cell wall. Ribosomes. DNA synthesis.

Question 13

Name the types of Antibiotics which work on Cell Walls.

Answer 13

Beta Lactams. Glycopeptides.

Question 14

State an example of a Beta Lactam Antibiotics.

Answer 14

Penicillin. Cephalosporin. Carbepenems.

Question 15

State how a Beta Lactam works.

Answer 15

Beta Lactams act on the cell wall of bacteria by binding to penicillin binding proteins (PBPs) in cell membrane - PBPs help synthesise peptidoglycan in cell wall.

Question 16

Name the types of Antibiotics which work on Ribosomes.

Answer 16

Macrolides. Tetracyclines. Aminoglycosides.

Question 17

Give an example of a Ribosome acting Antibiotic.

Answer 17

Erythromycin. Clarithromycin. Azithromycin.

Question 18

State an examples of a Glycopeptide antibiotic.

Answer 18

Vancomycin. Teicoplanin.

Question 19

State how a Glycoprotein antibiotic works.

Answer 19

Acts against bacterial cell wall.

Question 20

When is a Macrolide antibiotic used?

Answer 20

Used in penicillin-allergic patients against Staphylococci, Streptococci (skin/throat infections).

Question 21

State an example of a Tetracycline (Ribosomes).

Answer 21

Oxytetracycline. Doxycycline. Tigecycline.

Question 22

State an example of an Aminoglycoside (Ribosomes).

Answer 22

Gentamicin. Amikacin. Netilmicin. Tobramycin.

Question 23

State how a Tetracycline works.

Answer 23

Bacteriostatic which inhibits the binding of transfer RNA to ribosomes. Broad spectrum but resistance frequent.

Question 24

State how Aminoglycosides work.

Answer 24

Interferes with ribosomal reading of messenger RNA. Intravenous.

Question 25

State an example of a DNA Synthesis Antibiotics.

Answer 25

Quinolones. Trimethoprim and Co-trimoxazole.

Question 26

State an example of a Quinolones (DNA Synthesis).

Answer 26

Ciprofloxacin. Levofloxacin. Moxifloxacin.

Question 27

State an example of a Trimethoprim and Co-trimoxazole (DNA Synthesis).

Answer 27

Trimethoprim. Co-trimoxazole.

Question 28

State how Trimethoprim and Co-trimoxazole (DNA Synthesis) works.

Answer 28

Affect the folate pathway - prevent nucleotide production. Active against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria.

Question 29

State an example of an Antibiotic Resistance Mechanism.

Answer 29

Rapid evolution (due to mutations). DNA acquisition e.g. by plasmids (jumping of DNA from one gene to another). Over-use of antibiotics (human and animal). Antibiotics have allowed many developments e.g. transplants, major surgery.