Diabetes Flashcards
Define Diabetes Mellitus.
Group of conditions characterised by high blood glucose and insufficient insulin action.
Define Type 1 diabetes.
Beta cell destruction of insulin producing cells.
Define Type 2 diabetes.
Impaired insulin action and inadequate insulin production.
Diabetes is a risk factor for which microvascular complications.
Retinopathy. Nephropathy. Neuropathy.
Diabetes is a risk factor for which macrovascular complications.
Cerebrovascular disease. Ischaemic heart disease. Peripheral vascular disease.
State the two types of Type 1 diabetes.
Type A - autoimmune. Type B - idiopathic (no markers of autoimmunity).
State the Hb level with diabetes.
HbA1c > 48 mmol/L.
State the venous plasma glucose with diabetes.
Venous plasma glucose > 11.1 mmol/L.
State the asymptomatic level of HbA1c.
HbA1c > 48 mmol/L. Fasting venous plasma glucose (>7 mmol/L). Random test (11.1 mmol/L).
State the Prediabetes HbA1c level.
HbA1c 43-37 mmol/L.
State a clinical feature of Type 1 diabetes.
Insulin deficient. Ketosis prone. HLA markers. Autoimmune. Weight loss.
State a clinical feature of Type 2 diabetes.
Insulin resistant and deficient. Polygenic. South Asians > Africans > Europoids. Associated with obesity. Increases with ageing.
State a modifiable risk factor for long term complications.
Glycaemic control. Blood pressure. Lipid profile. Smoking. Exercise.
State a non-modifiable risk factor for long term complications.
Age. Gender. Family history. Ethnicity.
Define a Hard endpoint in clinical trials.
An outcome important to patient e.g. death, blindness.
