Diabetes Mellitus

Question 1

Give 4 ways of measuring glucose levels.

Answer 1

Glucose - random, fasting, urine, oral glucose test. Albumin creatinine ratio. HbA1c. Ketones.

Question 2

What level of glucose would we get for a diabetic patient from a fasting glucose test?

Answer 2

Prediabetes: 110–125mg/dl. Diabetes: 126mg/dl.

Question 3

What level of glucose would we get for a diabetic patient from an oral glucose tolerance test?

Answer 3

Prediabetes: 99–140mg/dl. Diabetes: ≥ 200.

Question 4

What HbA1c level would we expect from a diabetic patient?

Answer 4

HbA1c glycated hemoglobin. Prediabetes: 5.7–6.4%. Diabetes: > 6.5%.

Question 5

What ketone is expected to rise during diabetes?

Answer 5

Beta hydroxybutyrate - converted from fatty acids.

Question 6

What is a HbA1c molecule?

Answer 6

Addition of glucose to N-terminal valine (amino acid) of beta chain of Hb.

Question 7

What does microalbuminuria mean?

Answer 7

High levels of albumin in the urine. This is due to a poor kidney function.

Question 8

What is diabetes insipidus?

Answer 8

Excessive urination and extreme thirst as a result of inadequate output of the pituitary hormone ADH (antidiuretic hormone, also called vasopressin) or the lack of the normal response by the kidney to ADH.