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Endocrinology > Hormones table > Flashcards

Hormones table Flashcards

1
Q

What does the Hypothalamus secrete?

A
  • Releasing hormones: TRH, GnRH, CRH, GHRH,

- Inhibiting hormones: Somatostatin, PIH (Prolactin inhibitory hormone…also called dopamine.

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2
Q

What is the chemical nature of all things released by the hypothalamus?

A

All peptides except for PIH (amine)

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3
Q

Major stimuli for secretion

A

blank

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4
Q

What is released by the posterior pituitary gland?

A

Oxytocin and Vasopressin

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5
Q

Function of oxytocin

A

Let down breast milk by increasing the contractility of the myoepithelial cells, Uterine smooth muscle contraction

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6
Q

Function of vasopressin

A

Decrease water excretion, (aquaporins)

Increase contractility of smooth muscle which increases blood pressure

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7
Q

Major stimuli for vasopressin release?

A

Low plasma volume or high plasma osmlarity

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8
Q

What are the major hormones released by the Anterior Pituitary gland

A 
Growth Hormone
Adrenocorticotrophic  hormone
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
Leutenizing hormone
Prolactin
Follicle Stimulating hormone
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9
Q

Growth hormone is responsible for what?

A
  • Growth, organic metabolism; secretion of somatomedin by liver and cartilage
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10
Q

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone does what?

A

Stimulates synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones. Increases size of the thyroid gland.

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11
Q

Adrenocorticotrophic hormone does what?

A

Adrenal cortex (mainly increases in cortisol. Some increase in androgens and aldosterone)

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12
Q

Prolactin does

A

Increases milk synthesis in the breasts, also stimulates breast development and inhibits ovulation

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13
Q

Leutenizing hormone does what

A

Stimulates testosterone synthesis on Leydig cells of the testes.
Stimulates ovulation, formation of the corpus luteum, estrogen and progesterone synthesis in ovaries

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14
Q

Follicle stimulating Hormone does qhat

A

Sperm maturation in the testis, follicular development and estrogen in the ovaries.

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15
Q

Which cell types in the anterior pituitary are classified as basophils

A

Everything except GH and PRL

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16
Q

GH and PRL are

A

Acidophils

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17
Q

What hormones are released by the adrenal cortex?

A 
Cortisol
Adrenal Androgens (DHEA and adrostenedione)
Aldosterone
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18
Q

All of the hormones released by the adrenal cortex are of what chemical nature?

A

Steroids

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19
Q

Cortisol does what?

A

Stimulates gluconeogenesis; inhibits inflammatory response, suppresses immune response, enhances vascular response to catecholamines

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20
Q

Aldosterone does what

A

increases Na reabsorption in the kidneys, increases K secretion, inc H secretion

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21
Q

Adrenal androgens do what?

A

stimulate spermatogenesis and male secondary sex characteristics.

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22
Q

Just gonna do some actions for a while

A

ok

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23
Q

What hormones does the Endocrine Pancreas secrete?

A

Insulin

Glucagon

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24
Q

What is the main function of insulin?

Glucagon?

A

insulin decreases blood glucose

glucagon increases blood glucose

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25
Q

What hormones are secreted by the placenta?

A
  • Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)
  • Human Placental Lactogen (HPL) or human chorionic sommatotropin
  • Estriol
  • Progesterone
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26
Q

What does HCG do?

A

Stimulates Estrogen and Progesteronesynthesis in the corpus luteum of early pregnancy

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27
Q

What does HPL do?

A

Growth like and Prolactin like actions during pregnancy

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28
Q

What does Estradiol do?

A

stimulates growth and development of female repro system, follicular phase of menstrual cycle, development of breasts, prolactin; maintians pregnancy

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29
Q

What does Prgesterone do?

A

Stimulates the Luteal phase of the Menstrual cycle

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30
Q

What hormones are produced by the ovaries?

A

Estradiol and Progesterone

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31
Q

What hormones are produced by the Testis

A

Testosterone

32
Q

Action of testosterone

A

stimulates secondary sex characteristics in the make, stimulates spermatogenesis

33
Q

Adrenal cortex hormones?

A

Aldosterone
Cortisol
DHEA
androstenedione

34
Q

ALdosterone does what?

A

increases renal Na absorption, K secretion, H secretion

35
Q

Cortisol does what

A

stimulates gluconeogenesis, inhibits inflammation,

suppresses immune response, enhances vascular response to catecholamines

36
Q

Tits getting bigger (branching of mammary ducts) is accomplished by what three hormones?

A

Prolactin, Estrogen, Progesterone

Add some PEP to her step.

37
Q

During pregnancy, what three hormones contribute to enlargement of the mammary alveoli

A

Prolactin, Estrogen, Progesterone again

38
Q

Major action of prolactin?

A

Inducing transcroption of the genes for milk production

39
Q

Why do breasts not secrete milk during pregnancy?

Milk production only occurs after the birth of the child

A

Because Estrogen and Progesterone levels are very high and they down-regulate the number of Prolactin receptors. At birth though, Estrogen and Progesterone levels fall rapidly and Prolactin is free to bind so milk production begins

40
Q

How does Prolactin prevent ovulation

A

inhibits synthesis and release of GnRH. This means that fertility is greatly reduced during breast feeding. Also means that males with a prolactinoma (the most common pituitary adenoma, will have infertility.

41
Q

Prolactin secretion is inhibited by

A

Dopamine

42
Q

What does T3 do to GH levels?

A

Increases it

43
Q

What 2 hormones are needed for spermatogenesis?

A

Testosterone and FSH….

Really requires 3 because you have to have LH for testosterone

44
Q

Inhibin does what and is made where

A

reduces FSH, sertoli cells

45
Q

Testosterone feeds back and inhibits LH

A

truth

46
Q

Testosterone also inhibits GnRH

A

truth

47
Q

Estrogen is a type of estradiol

A

ok

48
Q

Low Estrogen does what to FSH and LH

A

Inhibits it

49
Q

High E

A

High LH and FSH. Leads to mid-cycle LH surge that causes ovulation

50
Q

Very high E

A

inhibitory, used to be used as birth control

51
Q

Very Low E + progesterone

A

Now used in BC

52
Q

Does estrogen have an effect on female body configureation

A

yes….widening of hips, fat content and distribution

53
Q

Estrogen’s effects on the oviducts:
Uterus:
Cervical mucous

A

Oviducts: Grwoth of muscle and epithelium, motility, ciliary beating
Uterus: growth of myometrium, increased contractility, growth of endometrium, development of spiral arteries and blood supply

54
Q

Progesterone’s effect on uterine muscle

A

antagonizes estrogen…decreases contractions partly by downregulating the number of estrogen receptors

55
Q

Lets talk about the actions of Cortisol

A

ok

56
Q

Overall, the metabolic effects of cortisol can be described with two words, they are

A

Catabolic and diabetogenic….Increases glucose synthesis

  • Increases protein catabolism and decreases new muscle synthesis in order to provide new amino acids to the liver.
  • lipolysis which provides glycerol to the liver for gluconeogenesis
  • decreases glucose utilization bu tissues
  • decreases insulin sensitivity in adipose tissue.

SO, in keeping with the adrenal as a stress gland, cortisol makes sense because it keeps blood glucose high during fasting.

57
Q

Hypercortisolism (Cushing’s) leads to what effect onb blood sugar

A

hyperglycemia

58
Q

Low Cortisol (addison’s dz) leads to what effect?

A

hypoglycemia

59
Q

Cortisol and inflammation

A

Anti-inflammatory:

  • No precursors to prastaglandins or leukotrienes
  • No IL-2 so no T cell prolif
  • Inhibits histamine and serotonin
60
Q

Immune response and Cortisol

A

SUppressed

61
Q

Cortisol and blood pressure

A

Necessary for normal blood pressure. Upregulates alpha 1 receptors in arterioles. This makes it required for vasoconstriction

62
Q

Hypocortisolism and blood pressure

A

hypotensive

63
Q

Hypercortisolism and bp

A

hypertensive (cushings(

64
Q

Bone formation and Cortisol?

A

inhibited….no type 1 collagen

65
Q

Sleep

A

Increases awake time

66
Q

What affect does thyroid have on GH

A

Increases GH synthesis

67
Q

PTH encourages the kidneys to do what

A

Resob calcium and expell phosphate

68
Q

PTH encourages bones to do what

A

mobilize calcium….remember our biggest storage area of calcium is the bone

69
Q

Excessive intake of Vitamin D and ionized calcium

A

VIT D intoxication can lead to low calcium levels

70
Q

Structure of ACTH

A

small single chain peptide hormone with no subunits

71
Q

The only amine hormones are

A

dopamine, the two thyroids, and catecholamines

72
Q

THYROID GOES UP DURING PREGNANCY WHY?

A

Increased thyroid binding lgobulins

73
Q

Peptides are broken down by the GI tract and never reach the circulation

A

Amines and Steroids are succewsfully absorbed

74
Q

What the fuck does Inhibin do in males?

A

STOPS FSH SECRETION from teh sertoli cells of the testis which decreases spermatogenesis. Fsh…Fucking…Sperm.

75
Q

Growth, motility, and SECRTIONS of oviduct, uterus , and vagina

A

EStrogen

Endocrinology (33 decks)

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