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Endocrinology > Endocrine and Metabolism > Flashcards

Endocrine and Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

How much glucose is circulating in your blood right now

A

About one hours worth, if I had no backup, i’d die after that

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2
Q

Most efficient energy storage form?

A

Fat

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3
Q

What tissues can only use glucose for energy production

A

nerves (brain), rbcs, wbcs, renal tubules

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4
Q

Remember this about muscle

A
  • It is about 50% of body mass in a fit person and uses about 30% of the oxygen we consume.
  • It is a GREAT thing that muscle loves to use Fatty Acids and Ketone bodies for energy because this spares glucose from oxidation
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5
Q

Most immediate source of glucose INSIDE the body is?

A

Hepatic Glycogen

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6
Q

What organ is most responsive to insulin, receives the most insulin? And what does insulin do?

A

The liver receives the most insulin, is most responsive to Insulin.

Insulin inhibits hepatic glucose output and thus increases glucose uptake/

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7
Q

Objectives during and right after a meal?

A

1) TO FILL glycogen stores
2) TO not spill any glucose into the urine
3) To utilize ingested carbs and fat for energy and to package the excess carbs and fats.

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8
Q

What is the best and most common way of packing carbs and fats for use at a later time?

A

TAGS (FUCKING REMEMBER THIS!!) M1s know this better than you and that is bad. TRI- ACYL- GLYCEROLS

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9
Q

KNOW THE GLUCOSE FATTY ACID CYCLE

A

ok

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10
Q

What are the objectives between meals?

A

1) Keep Glucose at a relatively constant level (above 70 for brain and never function)
2) Decrease glucose utilization in organs where it is not a neccesity
3) Keep some glycogen reserves
4) Burn fats for energy (FA, KB)
Utilize sparable proteins

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11
Q

In regards to hormones that act on metabolism, what are the short acting hormones

A

Insulin
Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
Glucagon

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12
Q

What is the primary mechanism (basic) of the short acting hormones?

A

Increase or Decrease the enzyme or protein ACTIVITY

Activity meaning the sensitivity of enzymes to hormonal or allosteric regulators

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13
Q

What are the long acting hormones on metabolism?

A

Growth Hormone
Thyroid hormone
Gluccocorticoids
Sex steroids

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14
Q

What is the mechanism of the long acting hormones?

A

Increase or decrease the enzyme of protein AMOUNT

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15
Q

Growth hormone’s effects on protein synthesis after a meal

A

increases it

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16
Q

T3’s affect on protein synthesis after a meal?

A

increases it.

17
Q

What actions does Cortisol have between meals?

A

Permissive actions.

Allows gluconeogenesis and lipolysis

18
Q

GH in between meals

A

lowers glucose utilization and increases lipolysis

19
Q

T3 in between means

A

inc in lipolysis

20
Q

KNOW the graph regarding the synergistic effects of cortisol, glucagon, and epinephrine

A

ok

21
Q

What are the big lipolytic substances?

A

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

Stimulate cAMP and activates Hormone sensitive lipase to convert TAG into Fatty Acids. THIS IS VERY BASIC>MUST KNOW

22
Q

Major anti-lipolytic hormone

A

insulin…does the opposite to cAMP and hormone sensitive lipase.

23
Q

What three hormones make Norepinephrine and Epinephrine more lipolytic?

A

Cortisol, growth hormone, T3

24
Q

Glucocorticoids promote gluconeogenesis in many ways

A

In the liver:

  • They have previously induced synthesis of key gluconeogenic and amino acid metabolizing enzymes
  • They raise the hepatic responsiveness to glucagon

Peripherally they drive amino acid release from muscle and glycerol release in adipose which turns into glucose in the liver.

25
Q

Know the figure on control of hypoglycemia

A

ok

26
Q

SNS activity decreases while we’re eating a meal and increases again afterwards

A

ok

27
Q

What happens to growth hormone as you fast for a number of days

A

continues to rise

28
Q

Glucagon as you fast?

A

rises up to about 150 and holds steady

29
Q

Cortsiol during fasting

A

stays pretty constant

30
Q

T3 during fasting

A

falls….decreases T4 to T3 conversion since T3 increases BMR

31
Q

KNOW THE BIG FEEDING AND FASTING CHART

A

ok

32
Q

Between meals, what does COrtisol do?

A

Has PERMISSIVE ACTIONS
- allows for gluconeogenesis and lipolysis
- mild reduction in glucose uptake and utilization.
Remmeber, Cortisol wants glucose to be in the blood

33
Q

GH between meals

A

similar to cortisol

Endocrinology (33 decks)

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