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Endocrinology > Adrenal Gland Phys > Flashcards

Adrenal Gland Phys Flashcards

1
Q

Adrenal Gland composed of what two areas?

A

Cortex and Medulla

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2
Q

Adrenal cortex is located where in relation to the medulla

A

Periphery

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3
Q

What types of hormones does the adrenal cortex make?

A

Steroids

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4
Q

Three regions of the adrenal cortex

A 
zona glomerulosa (15%)
zone fasiculata (75%)
zona reticularis (10%)
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5
Q

What does the zona glomerulosa make?

A

Aldosterone

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6
Q

What do the zona fasiculates and zona reticularis make?

A

Glucocorticoids (cortisol), SAndrogens and Estrogens

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7
Q

Adrenal Medulla makes?

A

Catecholamines (Epinephrine and Norepinephrine)

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8
Q

See slides and hormone table bs for function of the hormones

A

ok

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9
Q

Transport of adrenocortical hormones in blood is facilitated by what?

A

steroid hormone-binding serum proteins called GLOBULINS

-partially by albumin which has low affinity

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10
Q

90% of Cortisol exists in what form

A

BOUND, moslty to transcortin and partially to albumin

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11
Q

10% of cortisol in plasma is :

A

FREE

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12
Q

60% of aldosterone is bound to?

A

Transcortin

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13
Q

Purposes of hormone binding protein:

A
  • suppress the biological activity of steroid hormones
  • protect the hormone from structural alteration
  • Extend the half-life of hormones
  • Provide an active hormone to the target tissue when needed
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14
Q

What is teh source of all steroid hormones

A

cholesterol duh.

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15
Q

What provides the cholesterol

A

LDL (80% cholesterol for steroid synthesis)

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16
Q

How cholesterol get into adrenal cells for steroid synthesis

A

LDL binds to LDL receptors (clathrin coated pits) on the plasma membranes of adrenal cortical cells

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17
Q

LDL is transported into the cells by what process

A

endocytosis (endosomal membrane trafficking)

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18
Q

In lysosomes cholesterol is released from the receptors

A

ok

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19
Q

Cholesterol is then esterified and stored in cytoplasmic vesicles until it is needed for steroid synthesis

A

ok

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20
Q

Key enzyme in steroid synthesis

KNOW

A 
cholesterol desmolase (cyp11A1) part of the P450 superfamily
- facilitates the conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone
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21
Q

What controls steroidogenesis

A

ACTH stimulates CYP11A1

- also stimulates cholesterol uptake by upregulating LDL receptors

22
Q

Besides Desmolase, what is the other key enzyme in mineralocorticoid biosynthesis

A

Aldosterone Synthase

23
Q

What upregulates desmolase activity?

A

ACTH…you know this

24
Q

What upregulates aldosterone synthase

25
What is the final step of mineralocorticoid biosynthesis?
corticosterone to aldosterone
26
Target organs for aldosterone
kidneys, brain, lungs, heart, vascular
27
What is the mechanism of mineralocorticoid effect?
Upregulates gene expression: 1) binds to MR's in the cytoplasm 2) The hormone receptor complex translocates to the nucleus 3) Binding to the promoter area of specific genes 4) Upregulation of gene expression (Na/K ATPase, Na, K transporters
28
Genes that are upregulated by the mineralocorticoids?
- Na/K ATPase...ATP dependent transport of Na and K - Epithelial sodium channel (ENaC - Serum and Glucocortocoid regulated kinase 1 (SGK1) - Renal outer medullary K channel ---Important to note that SGK1 activates Na/K ATPase, ENac, and ROMK)
29
GLucocorticoids are produced where?
Zona Reticularis and Zona Fasiculata (main site of synthesis)
30
most potent glucocorticoid
Cortisol (hydrocortisone)...95% os glucoccorticoid activity
31
Corticosterone
modest potency
32
What are the key enzymes in cortisol biosynthesis that we should know
- cholesterol desmolase | - 11beta hydroxylase
33
What drug inhibits desmolase action?
ketaconazole
34
What drug inhibits 11beta hydroxylase action
Metapyrone and Etomidate
35
Glucoccorticoids (cortisol) affect on the liver
promotes gluconeogenesis from amino acids, mobilization of amino acids from muscle into blood
36
Cortisol on pancreas?
upreg insulin production
37
cortisol's affect on various organs?
Upregulate insulin resistance
38
KNOW that glucocorticoids stimulate protein catabolism in all organs except the liver
ok. This means that proteins are broken down to amino acids, you have more amino acids in the blood, decreased protein synthesis mean sloss of body wt. and immune function suppresed
39
Gluccocorticoids and fat metabolism
Promotes lipolysis, enhance mobilization and oxidation of fatty acids as an alternative enrgy source. -Redistribution of body fat (paradoxical fat deposits in the body)
40
High doses of oral cortisol can lead to what?
Cushing's syndrome
41
What does Cortisol do to immune function
Suppresses it
42
EFFEcts of Cortisol on other tissues
notes
43
Describe transactivation and transpression as they apply to glucocorticoid effect on gene expression
transactivation- stimulation or repression of gene expression transpression- suppression of genes via transcriptional factors
44
Adrenal sex hormones and males
weak effects
45
Adrenal sex hormones in women
The major Androgens (excess leads to suppression of gonadal function and masculinization) This is called adrenogenital syndrome
46
The hormones of the adrenal medulla are?
Epinephrine, Norepinephrine
47
What is the structure of epinephrine and norepinephrine?
amino acid derivatives (tyrosine)
48
Remember that the cells of the medulla are neuroectodermal in origin and therefore are modified neurons
ok
49
Targets of catecholamines?
heart, lungs, muscles, vessels
50
Hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis does what?
manages tress response, energy usage, immune response, digestion
51
Corticotrophin releasing hormone stimulates the pituitary to secrete ACTH
ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce its hormones....KNOW
52
Cortisol initiates a negative feedback regulation by inhibiting the hippocampus, hypothalamus,and pituitary gland
ok

Endocrinology (33 decks)

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