Hormones I Need to Know Flashcards
What produces oxytocin?
hypothalamus
Stimulus and Inhibition of oxytocin
stimulus- stretching of uterus or suckling of infant at breast; inhibition- absensce of stimulus
Target organ and effects of oxytocin
uterus: stimulates contraction of labor; breast: milk ejection
Effects of hyper/hyper secretion of oxytocin
rare and rare
Where is antidiuretic hormone produced?
ADH; hypothalamus
Stimulus and inhibition of ADH
stimulus: increasing blood solute concentration (dehydration) or low BP; inhibtion: adequate hydration and alcohol
Target organ and effects of ADH
kidney tubules: absorb water from filtrate and return to blood
Effects of hypo/hypersecretion of ADH
hyposecretion: diabetes insipidus; hypersecretion: syndrom of inappropriate ADH secretion (SIADH)
Where is growth hormone (GH) produced?
anterior pituitary
Stimulus and INhibition of GH
stimulus: growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH); inhibition: high blood levels of GH, hyperglycemia, and growth hormone inhibiting hormone
Target organ and effects of GH
liver, muscle, and bone: stimulates somatic (body) cell growth and proliferation (division); increases muscle mass; mobilizes fats; spares glucose; promoties protein synthesis
Effects of Hypo/hypersecretion of GH
hyposecretion: pituitary dwarfism in children; hypersecretion: giantism in children; acromegaly in adults
Where is thyroid stimulating hormone produced (TSH)?
anterior pituitary
What are the tropic hormones?
TSH; ACTH, FSH, LH
Stimulus and inhibtion of TSH
stimulus: thyrotropin releasing hormone; inhibition: high blood levels of TH and GHIH
Target organ and effect of TSH
thyroid gland: stimulates release of THH
Effects of Hypo/hypersecretion of TSH
hyposecretion: may cause myxedema ; hypersecretion: effects similar to graves disease
Where is adrenocorticotropic hormone released?
anterior pituitary
Stimulus and inhibition of ACTH
stimulus: released by corticotropin releasing hormone; inhibtion: high blood levels of glucocroticoids
Target organs and effects of ACTH
adrenal cortex: stimulates release of glucocoritcoids and androgens (mineralocorticoids to less extent)
Effect of hypo/hyper secretion of ACTH
hypo- rare; hyper- cushings disease
Where is follicle stimulating hormone produced (FSH)?
anterior pituitary
Stimulus and inhibtion of FSH
stimulus: gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH); inhibtion: high blood levels of estrogen, testosterone and inhibin
Target organ and effects of FSH
ovaries: stimulates follicle maturation and production of estrogens; testes- stimulates sperm production
Effects of hypo/hypersecretion of FSH
hypo-failure of sexual maturation; hyper - none
Where is Luteinizing Hormone (LH) produced?
anterior pituitary
Stimulus and inhibition of LH
stimulus- gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH); inhibition- high blood levels of estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone
Target Organ and effects of LH
ovaries: triggeres ovulation and stimulates production of estrogen and progesterone; Testes: promotoes testosterone production
Effects of hyposecretion and hypersecretion of LH
hypo-failure of sexual maturation; hypo - none
Where is prolactin (PRL) produced ?
anterior pituitary
Stimulus and inhibition of PRL
stimulus: decreased PIH production; inhibition: prolactin-inhibitng hormone (PIH)
Target organ and effects of PRL
mammary glands: stimulates mammary glands to produce milk
Effects of hypo/hypersecretion of PRL
hypo-poor milk production in nursing females; hyper- inapproprate milk production; cessation of menses in females and impotence in males
Where is thyroid hormone (TH) produced?
follicular cells of thyroid gland
Stimulus and inhibiton of TH
stimulus: TSH; inhibition: high blood levels of TH
Target organ and effects of TH
body cells: increase BMR and body heat production; regulates tissue growth and metabolism; promotes reproductive ability; maintains BP
Effects of hypo/hypersecretion of TH
hypo- low metabolic reate; cretinism in infants and myxedema in adults; hypo-high metabolic rate; graves syndrome
Where is calcitonin produced?
parafollicular cells of thyroid gland
Stimulus and Inhibition of calcitonin
stimulus: high blood ca2 levels; inhibtion: unknown
Target Organ and effects of calcitonin
no known role in humans; inhibits osteoclast activity (at pharmacological levels) to treat padgets diease and osteoporosis
Where is parathyroid hormone (PTH) produced?
parathyroid cells
Stimulus and inhibtion of PTH
stimulus: low calcium levels (hypocalcemia); inhibtion: elevated blood ca2 levels
Target Organ and effects of PTH
bone, kidneys, and intestines: raises blood ca2 levels
Effects of hypo/hypersecretion of PTH
hypo- hypocalcemia (low ca2 levels); hyper- hypercalcemia (high ca2 levels)
Where are mineralocorticoids/aldosterone produced?
zona glomerulosa cells of adrenal cortex
Stimulus and inhibition of aldosterone
stimulus: decreasing blood volume and or blood pressure; increasing k levels; inhibition: increasing blood volume and or blood pressure; decreasing blood k levels
Target organ and effects of aldosterone
kidney tubules: increases absorption of na (and h2o) and increase secretion of k results in an increase in blood volume and or blood pressure
Effect of hypo/hyper secretion of aldosterone
hypo-addisons disease (usually involves deficits in both mineralcorticoids and glucocoritcoids); hyper - aldosteronism
Where is glucocorticoids/cortisol produced?
zona fasciculata of adrenal cortex
Stimulus/ inhibition of cortisol
stimulus: ACTH; inhibition: elevated blood cortisol (can be overridden by CNS)
Target organs and effects of cortisol
body cells: increases blood levels of amino acids, glucose and fatty acids; promotes gluconeogenesis; has to do with stress response
Effects of hypo/hyper secretion of cortisol
hypo- adinsons disease (usually involves deficits in both mineralcorticoids and glucocorticoids; hyper- cushings syndrome
Where are gonadocorticoids/ androgens produced?
zona reticularis of adrenal cortex
Stimulus/inhibition of androgens
stimulus: ACTH; inhibition- unkown
Target organs and effects of androgens
adrenal cortex: stimulates release of glucocorticoids and androgens (mineralcorticoids to less extent)
Effects of hypo/hypersecretion of androgens
hyposecretion: not known; hyper- adrenogenital syndrome(masculinization in females and prepubertal males)
Where is epinenphrine and epinephrine produced?
adrenal medulla
Stimulus/inhibition of epinephrine and norepinephrine
stimulus: short term stress (fight or flight response); inhibition: lack of stress
Target organs and effects of epinephrine and noepinephrine
sympathetic NS target organs: increase metabolic rate, HR, and BP, dilates bronchioles
Effects of hypo/hyper secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine
hypo- unimportant bc ANS is main source of these 2 hormones; hyper- prolonged flight or fight response; hypertension
Where is melatonin produced?
pineal gland
Stimulus/inhibtion of melatonin
stimulus: dim light/darkness; inhibition: bright light
Target organs and effects of melatonin
hypothalamus: induces drowsiness at night and resets the biological clock
Hypo/hypersecretion of melatoning
unknown for both
Where is insulin produced?
beta cells of pancreas
Stimulus/inhibition of insulin
stimulus- rising blood glucose levels; inhibition- falling blood glucose levels
Target organs and effects insulin
body cells: enhances membrane transport (uptake) of glucose into all body cells except liver, kidney and brain cells
Effects of hypo/hypersecretion
hypo-diabetes mellitus; hyper-hypoglycemia
Where is glucagon produced?
alpha cells of pancreatic islet
stimulus/inhibition of glucagon
stimulus: falling blood glucose level, sympathetic NS and somatostatin; inhibition: rising blood glucose levels, insulin and somatostatin
Target organs and effects of glucagon
liver: promotes glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis, releasing glucose into blood
Effects of hypo/hypersecretion
hypo- hypoglycemia; hyper-hyperglycemia
Estrogen
ovaries; responsobile for maturation of female reproductive organs
Testosterone
testes; responsible for maturation of male reproductive hormones
