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A&P 2 > Hormones I Need to Know > Flashcards

Hormones I Need to Know Flashcards

1
Q

What produces oxytocin?

A

hypothalamus

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2
Q

Stimulus and Inhibition of oxytocin

A

stimulus- stretching of uterus or suckling of infant at breast; inhibition- absensce of stimulus

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3
Q

Target organ and effects of oxytocin

A

uterus: stimulates contraction of labor; breast: milk ejection

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4
Q

Effects of hyper/hyper secretion of oxytocin

A

rare and rare

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5
Q

Where is antidiuretic hormone produced?

A

ADH; hypothalamus

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6
Q

Stimulus and inhibition of ADH

A

stimulus: increasing blood solute concentration (dehydration) or low BP; inhibtion: adequate hydration and alcohol

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7
Q

Target organ and effects of ADH

A

kidney tubules: absorb water from filtrate and return to blood

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8
Q

Effects of hypo/hypersecretion of ADH

A

hyposecretion: diabetes insipidus; hypersecretion: syndrom of inappropriate ADH secretion (SIADH)

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9
Q

Where is growth hormone (GH) produced?

A

anterior pituitary

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10
Q

Stimulus and INhibition of GH

A

stimulus: growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH); inhibition: high blood levels of GH, hyperglycemia, and growth hormone inhibiting hormone

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11
Q

Target organ and effects of GH

A

liver, muscle, and bone: stimulates somatic (body) cell growth and proliferation (division); increases muscle mass; mobilizes fats; spares glucose; promoties protein synthesis

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12
Q

Effects of Hypo/hypersecretion of GH

A

hyposecretion: pituitary dwarfism in children; hypersecretion: giantism in children; acromegaly in adults

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13
Q

Where is thyroid stimulating hormone produced (TSH)?

A

anterior pituitary

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14
Q

What are the tropic hormones?

A

TSH; ACTH, FSH, LH

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15
Q

Stimulus and inhibtion of TSH

A

stimulus: thyrotropin releasing hormone; inhibition: high blood levels of TH and GHIH

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16
Q

Target organ and effect of TSH

A

thyroid gland: stimulates release of THH

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17
Q

Effects of Hypo/hypersecretion of TSH

A

hyposecretion: may cause myxedema ; hypersecretion: effects similar to graves disease

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18
Q

Where is adrenocorticotropic hormone released?

A

anterior pituitary

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19
Q

Stimulus and inhibition of ACTH

A

stimulus: released by corticotropin releasing hormone; inhibtion: high blood levels of glucocroticoids

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20
Q

Target organs and effects of ACTH

A

adrenal cortex: stimulates release of glucocoritcoids and androgens (mineralocorticoids to less extent)

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21
Q

Effect of hypo/hyper secretion of ACTH

A

hypo- rare; hyper- cushings disease

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22
Q

Where is follicle stimulating hormone produced (FSH)?

A

anterior pituitary

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23
Q

Stimulus and inhibtion of FSH

A

stimulus: gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH); inhibtion: high blood levels of estrogen, testosterone and inhibin

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24
Q

Target organ and effects of FSH

A

ovaries: stimulates follicle maturation and production of estrogens; testes- stimulates sperm production

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25
Q

Effects of hypo/hypersecretion of FSH

A

hypo-failure of sexual maturation; hyper - none

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26
Q

Where is Luteinizing Hormone (LH) produced?

A

anterior pituitary

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27
Q

Stimulus and inhibition of LH

A

stimulus- gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH); inhibition- high blood levels of estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone

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28
Q

Target Organ and effects of LH

A

ovaries: triggeres ovulation and stimulates production of estrogen and progesterone; Testes: promotoes testosterone production

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29
Q

Effects of hyposecretion and hypersecretion of LH

A

hypo-failure of sexual maturation; hypo - none

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30
Q

Where is prolactin (PRL) produced ?

A

anterior pituitary

31
Q

Stimulus and inhibition of PRL

A

stimulus: decreased PIH production; inhibition: prolactin-inhibitng hormone (PIH)

32
Q

Target organ and effects of PRL

A

mammary glands: stimulates mammary glands to produce milk

33
Q

Effects of hypo/hypersecretion of PRL

A

hypo-poor milk production in nursing females; hyper- inapproprate milk production; cessation of menses in females and impotence in males

34
Q

Where is thyroid hormone (TH) produced?

A

follicular cells of thyroid gland

35
Q

Stimulus and inhibiton of TH

A

stimulus: TSH; inhibition: high blood levels of TH

36
Q

Target organ and effects of TH

A

body cells: increase BMR and body heat production; regulates tissue growth and metabolism; promotes reproductive ability; maintains BP

37
Q

Effects of hypo/hypersecretion of TH

A

hypo- low metabolic reate; cretinism in infants and myxedema in adults; hypo-high metabolic rate; graves syndrome

38
Q

Where is calcitonin produced?

A

parafollicular cells of thyroid gland

39
Q

Stimulus and Inhibition of calcitonin

A

stimulus: high blood ca2 levels; inhibtion: unknown

40
Q

Target Organ and effects of calcitonin

A

no known role in humans; inhibits osteoclast activity (at pharmacological levels) to treat padgets diease and osteoporosis

41
Q

Where is parathyroid hormone (PTH) produced?

A

parathyroid cells

42
Q

Stimulus and inhibtion of PTH

A

stimulus: low calcium levels (hypocalcemia); inhibtion: elevated blood ca2 levels

43
Q

Target Organ and effects of PTH

A

bone, kidneys, and intestines: raises blood ca2 levels

44
Q

Effects of hypo/hypersecretion of PTH

A

hypo- hypocalcemia (low ca2 levels); hyper- hypercalcemia (high ca2 levels)

45
Q

Where are mineralocorticoids/aldosterone produced?

A

zona glomerulosa cells of adrenal cortex

46
Q

Stimulus and inhibition of aldosterone

A

stimulus: decreasing blood volume and or blood pressure; increasing k levels; inhibition: increasing blood volume and or blood pressure; decreasing blood k levels

47
Q

Target organ and effects of aldosterone

A

kidney tubules: increases absorption of na (and h2o) and increase secretion of k results in an increase in blood volume and or blood pressure

48
Q

Effect of hypo/hyper secretion of aldosterone

A

hypo-addisons disease (usually involves deficits in both mineralcorticoids and glucocoritcoids); hyper - aldosteronism

49
Q

Where is glucocorticoids/cortisol produced?

A

zona fasciculata of adrenal cortex

50
Q

Stimulus/ inhibition of cortisol

A

stimulus: ACTH; inhibition: elevated blood cortisol (can be overridden by CNS)

51
Q

Target organs and effects of cortisol

A

body cells: increases blood levels of amino acids, glucose and fatty acids; promotes gluconeogenesis; has to do with stress response

52
Q

Effects of hypo/hyper secretion of cortisol

A

hypo- adinsons disease (usually involves deficits in both mineralcorticoids and glucocorticoids; hyper- cushings syndrome

53
Q

Where are gonadocorticoids/ androgens produced?

A

zona reticularis of adrenal cortex

54
Q

Stimulus/inhibition of androgens

A

stimulus: ACTH; inhibition- unkown

55
Q

Target organs and effects of androgens

A

adrenal cortex: stimulates release of glucocorticoids and androgens (mineralcorticoids to less extent)

56
Q

Effects of hypo/hypersecretion of androgens

A

hyposecretion: not known; hyper- adrenogenital syndrome(masculinization in females and prepubertal males)

57
Q

Where is epinenphrine and epinephrine produced?

A

adrenal medulla

58
Q

Stimulus/inhibition of epinephrine and norepinephrine

A

stimulus: short term stress (fight or flight response); inhibition: lack of stress

59
Q

Target organs and effects of epinephrine and noepinephrine

A

sympathetic NS target organs: increase metabolic rate, HR, and BP, dilates bronchioles

60
Q

Effects of hypo/hyper secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine

A

hypo- unimportant bc ANS is main source of these 2 hormones; hyper- prolonged flight or fight response; hypertension

61
Q

Where is melatonin produced?

A

pineal gland

62
Q

Stimulus/inhibtion of melatonin

A

stimulus: dim light/darkness; inhibition: bright light

63
Q

Target organs and effects of melatonin

A

hypothalamus: induces drowsiness at night and resets the biological clock

64
Q

Hypo/hypersecretion of melatoning

A

unknown for both

65
Q

Where is insulin produced?

A

beta cells of pancreas

66
Q

Stimulus/inhibition of insulin

A

stimulus- rising blood glucose levels; inhibition- falling blood glucose levels

67
Q

Target organs and effects insulin

A

body cells: enhances membrane transport (uptake) of glucose into all body cells except liver, kidney and brain cells

68
Q

Effects of hypo/hypersecretion

A

hypo-diabetes mellitus; hyper-hypoglycemia

69
Q

Where is glucagon produced?

A

alpha cells of pancreatic islet

70
Q

stimulus/inhibition of glucagon

A

stimulus: falling blood glucose level, sympathetic NS and somatostatin; inhibition: rising blood glucose levels, insulin and somatostatin

71
Q

Target organs and effects of glucagon

A

liver: promotes glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis, releasing glucose into blood

72
Q

Effects of hypo/hypersecretion

A

hypo- hypoglycemia; hyper-hyperglycemia

73
Q

Estrogen

A

ovaries; responsobile for maturation of female reproductive organs

74
Q

Testosterone

A

testes; responsible for maturation of male reproductive hormones

A&P 2 (12 decks)

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