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A&P 2 > Chapter 26: Fluid, Electrolyte and Acid-Base Balance > Flashcards

Chapter 26: Fluid, Electrolyte and Acid-Base Balance Flashcards

1
Q

Water Content of the Body

A

influenced by age, body mass, fat content and sex; infants 73%, young male 60%, young female 50% (bc of higher fat), elderly 45%

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2
Q

Intracellular Fluid Compartment

A

fluid within cells (cytoplasm) 40% of body weight

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3
Q

Extracellular Fluid Compartment

A

fluid outside cells 20% of body weight 2 divisions- plasma (confined to blood vessels) and interstitial fluid (spaces between cells)

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4
Q

Electrolytes

A

dissociate in water to form ions (such as NaCl + h20 = Na + Cl)

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5
Q

Nonelectrolytes

A

do not dissociate in water; most are organic molecules (lipids, glucose etc)

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6
Q

In ECF main cation and manin anion is

A

Na and Cl

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7
Q

In ICF main cation and main anion is

A

K and HPO4

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8
Q

Fluid MOvement Among Compartments

A

ions move selectively between compatments via facilitated diffusion or active transport; h20 moves passively (always) between compartments to equalize ECF and ICF osmolaties (solute concentration); h20 ALWAYS follows ECF osmolaity

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9
Q

Increase in ECF osmolality =

A

h20 diffusing out of cells

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10
Q

Decerease in ECF osmolality =

A

h20 diffuses into cells

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11
Q

Dehydration

A

water loss exceeds intake; causes: homorrhage, severe burns, prolonged vomiting or diaherra, profuse sweating, water deprivation and dieuretic abuse; may lead to hypervolemic shok (not enough blood volume)

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12
Q

Hypotonic Hydration

A

water gain exceed outtake which leads to cells swelling; causes: renal insufficiency or consuming large amounts of water too quickly results hyponatremia (liw ECF na); may lead to cerebral edma and death

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13
Q

Edema

A

atypical accumulation of fluid in the interstitial fluid space which leads to tisses swelling; causes: pregnancy, increased NaCl, congestive heart failure, kidney disease; may impair diffusion of o2 and nutrients or blood circulation

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14
Q

Electrolyte Balance

A

usually refers to salt balance in the body; maintained primarily by the kidneys

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15
Q

Regulation of Na Balance

A

sodium required to maintain fluid balance, BP, nerve impulse conduction, and muscle contraction; na contraction and na body content are monitored indirectly

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16
Q

What is the most important hormone for regulating Na?

A

aldosterone

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17
Q

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldoesterone Mechanism

A

RAA; 90% of sodiu absorption is obligatory (65% from PCT and 25% from ascending limb); remaining 10% absorbed from DCT and collecting duct ONLY if aldosterone is present

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18
Q

What triggers the RAA mechanism?

A

low body na content; increased potassium in ECF; low systemic BP

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19
Q

Estrogens are similar too…

A

aldoesterone and leads to water retention

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20
Q

How does addisons disease affect na balance?

A

autoimmune disorder that attacks adrenal cortex which inhibits aldoesterone which leads to a lot of urination (polyuria) and that can lead to releaseing too much na (and water)

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21
Q

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide

A

ANP; reduces BP and volume by inhibting systemic vasoconstriction, na and h2o reabsorption

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22
Q

Regulation of K Balance

A

potassium required for proper kidney and heart function, nerve impulses and muscle contraction; as with na 90% of K reabsorption is obligatory (65% from PCT and 25% from ascending limb); HOWEVER (unlike sodium) K is secreted into DCT and Collecting duct

23
Q

What two factors influence K secretion?

A

K concentration in ECF (most impt) (increasing K causes it to be secreted more and reverse); and Aldosterone (enhances K secretion into filtrate)

24
Q

Regulation of Ca and HPO4

A

99% of bodys calcium found in bones as calcium phosphate salts; ECF levels regulated by PTH; decreased ca in ECF stimulates PTH release

25
Q

Increased Ca reabsorption causes

A

decreased phosphate reabsorption in DCT; activates osteoclasts to break down bone ; stimulates kidneys to transform vit D to its active form enabling ca absorption from the small intestine

26
Q

Hyper/Hyponatremia

A

na excess/deficit

27
Q

Hyper/Hypokalemia

A

K excess/deficit

28
Q

Hyper/Hypophosphatemia

A

HPO4 excess/deficit

29
Q

Hyper/Hypocalemia

A

ca excess/deficit

30
Q

Acids

A

release H into solution

31
Q

Bases

A

remove H from a solution

32
Q

H of blood regulated by…

A

1) chemical buffers (act w/n secs); 2) brain stem respiratory centers (act within 1-3mins); 3) renal mechanism(takes hours to days to change blood pH)

33
Q

Chemical Buffer System

A

a mixture of compounds that minimize changes in pH when a strongacid or base is added; if pH drops, buffer system ties up (removes) h from solution; if pH increases buffer sys releases (adds) H to solution

34
Q

Bicarbonate Buffer System

A

impt buffer sys in ECF; mixture of carbonic acid (weak acid) and sodium bicarbonate (weak base)

35
Q

Phosphate Buffer System

A

impt buffer in urine and ICF; mixture of sodium dihydrogen phosphate (NaH2PO4) (weak acid) and sodium monohydrogen phosphate (Na2HPO4) (weak base)

36
Q

Protein Buffer System

A

most imp buffer in ICF; also operates in blood plasma; most protein molecules are amphoteric: if pH rises it can act as a acid and if it drops it can act as a base

37
Q

What is the most important buffer in RBCs

A

hemoglobin

38
Q

What systems are included in the physiological buffering system?

A

respiratory sys and renal sys

39
Q

Respiratory System H Regulation

A

adjusts pH by expelling or retaining co2

40
Q

Respiratory System response to Acidosis

A

decreased pH detected by central and peripheral chemoreceptors; which stimulates medullary respiratroy center to increase respiration which leads to a decrease in blood co2 which decreases H2CO3 which increases blood pH

41
Q

Respiratory System Response to Alkalosis

A

increased pH detected by central and peripheral chemoreceptors which inhibits the medullary respiratory center which results in decreased respiration this leads to increased blood co2 which increases blood H2CO3 which lowers pH

42
Q

Hypoventilation

A

co2 accumulation; leads to increased blood H levels which causes respiratory acidosis

43
Q

Hyperventilation

A

co2 elimination (a lot) leads to decreased blood H content which causes respiratory alkalosis

44
Q

Renal System Regulation of H

A

adjusts pH by regulating blood levels of HCO3

45
Q

Renal Response to Acidosis

A

if pH drops the kidneys conserve (reabsorb) filtered HCO3 from PCT and returns it to the peritubular capillaries

46
Q

Kidneys generate new…

A

HCO3 in PCT cells that moves into the peritubular capillaries; new HCO3 generated via buffering of secreted H by HPO4 OR new HCO3 generated via glutamine metabolism and NH4 secretion

47
Q

Renal Response to Alkalosis

A

if blood pH increaes kidneys excrete (secrete) HCO3 into collecting ducts to pass out in urine

48
Q

Respiratory Acidosis

A

most common cause of acid base imbalance; results from co2 retention; if uncompensated Pco2 >45 mmhg and ph <7.35; renal mechanism tries to compensate b retaining HCO3

49
Q

Respiratory Alkalosis

A

co2 eliminated faster than it is generated; if uncompensated Pco2 <35 mmhg and pH > 7.45; renal sys tries to compensate by eliminating HCO3

50
Q

Metabolic Acidosis

A

occurs when nonvolatile acids (such as lactic acid and ketone bodies) accumulate in blood or HCO3 is lost from body; if uncompensated HCO3 <22 mEq/L and pH < 7.35; respiratory sys attempts to compensate by increasing rate and depth of breathing

51
Q

Metabolic Alkalosis

A

occurs when HCO3 levels are excessive; if uncompensated HCO3 >26 mEp/L and pH >7.45; respiratory sys attempts to compensate by decreasing rate and depth of breathing

52
Q

Steps to Identifying Acidosis/Alkalosis

A

1) determine blood pH (if it is high or low); 2) check Pco2 and HCO3 levels for cause of blood pH; 3) check for compensation; if respiratory imbalance look at HCO3 and vice versa

53
Q

ADD VALUES FOR IDENTIFYNG

A
54
Q
A

A&P 2 (12 decks)

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