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A&P 2 > Chapter 22: Respiratory System > Flashcards

Chapter 22: Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four processes involved with respiration?

A

pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, transports of o2 and co2 via blood stream, internal respiration

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2
Q

Pulmonary Ventilation

A

breathing; exchange of o2 and co2 between atmosphere and lungs

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3
Q

External Respiration

A

exchange of o2 and co2 between lungs and blood

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4
Q

Internal Respiration

A

exchange of o2 and co2 between blood and tissues

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5
Q

Upper Respiratory System

A

warms, moistens, and cleanses inhaled air; includes nose, paranasal sinuses and pharynx

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6
Q

External Nose

A

overlying skin with many sebaceous glands; supported by nasal cartlages (plates of hyaline cartilage)

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7
Q

Nasal Cavity

A

extends from nares (nostrils) to posterior nasal aperture; ethmoid and sphenoid bone form roof; hard and soft palate form floor; lateral walls exhibt nasal conchae (create turbulance and increase surface area); divided meidally by nasal septum ; serves as resonance chamber of speech

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8
Q

What are the two types of mucosa that lines the nasal cavity?

A

olfactory mucosa and respiratory mucosa

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9
Q

Olfactory Mucosa

A

contains olfactory receptors

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10
Q

Respiratory Mucosa

A

consists of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells and seromucous nasal glands

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11
Q

Paranasal Sinuses

A

mucosa lined, air filled cavities located in frontal, ethmoid and maxilla; mucus drains into nasal cavity

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12
Q

Rhinitis

A

inflammation of respiratory mucosa

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13
Q

Sinusitis

A

inflammation of paranasal sinuses

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14
Q

Pharynx

A

muscular tube connecting nasal and oral cavities to larynx and esophagus; subdivided into 3 regions- nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx

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15
Q

Nasopharynx

A

air passageway; lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium; contains pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids), opening to pharynogotympanic tubes (equlizes middle ear and atmospheric pressrue) and tubal tonsils

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16
Q

Oropharynx

A

passageway for BOTH food and air; lined with stratified squamous epithelium; contains palatine tonisls and lingual tonsils

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17
Q

Laryngopharynx

A

passageway for both air and food; lined with stratified squamous epithelium; joins with larynx and esophagus

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18
Q

Upper Respiratory Passage

A

nose to nasal cavity to nasopharynx to oropharyns to larynogopharynx

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19
Q

Lower Respiratroy Passage

A

larynx to trachea to main brochi to local branch to segmental branch to bronchiol to terminal bronchiole

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20
Q

Lower Respiratory System

A

includes larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs

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21
Q

Larynx

A

voive box; extends from larynogopahrynx to trachea; air passageway supported by 9 cartilages; houses vestibular folds (false vocal cords) and vocal folds (true vocal cords); superior larynx lined wiht straififed squamous epithelium; inner lined with pesudostrafied columnar epithelium

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22
Q

Laryngitis

A

inflammation of vocal folds and vestibular fold; from yelling/ talking

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23
Q

Trachea

A

windpipe; from larynx to main bronchi; wall consists of four layers: mucosa (pseudostratified ciliated columnary); submucosa (CT containing sermucous galnds); C Shaped hyaline cartilgage; adventitia (CT Covering)

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24
Q

Conduction of Bronchial Tree

A

main bronchi to lobar bronchi to segmental bronchi to bronchioles to terminal bronchioles

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25
Q

Structural Changes in Wall of Conducting Tubes (Main Brochi to Terminal Bronchioles)

A

cartilage rings gradually replaced by plates; absent in bronchioles; mucosa thins; pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium transitions to simply columnar the to simple cuboidal; as tube diameter decreases smooth muscle increases

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26
Q

Respiratory Zone Structures

A

respirartory bronchioles to alveolar ducts to alverolar sacs to alveoli (main sites of gas exchange); alveoli are closely associated with capillaries

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27
Q

What are the types of cells in the alveoli?

A

Type I alveolar cells; type II alveolar cells; alveolar macrophages

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28
Q

Type I Alveolar Cells

A

simple squamous epithelium

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29
Q

Type II Alveolar Cells

A

cuboidal epithelial cells; secrete surfactant and antimicrobial proteins; surfactant reduces surface tension in alveioli

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30
Q

Alveolar Macrophages

A

consume bacteria and debris

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31
Q

Lungs

A

occupy entire thoracic cavity except mediastinum; consists largely of air spaces and elastic connective tissue; contains 3 lobes; left lung only has 2 lobes because of heart; left lung also has a cardiac notch where the heart sits

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32
Q

Pulmonary Circulation

A

pulmonary arteries convey low o2 blood to lungs to be oxygenated; pulmonary veins convey high o2 blood to left ventricle

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33
Q

Bronchial Circulation

A

bronchial arteries convey high o2 blood to all lung tissues except alveoli

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34
Q

Dual Innervation

A

sympathetic NS dilates bronchioles; parasympathetic NS constricts bronchioles

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35
Q

Parietal Pleura

A

lines each pleural cavity

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36
Q

Visceral Pleura

A

adheres tightly to surface of each lung

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37
Q

Pleural Cavity

A

contains pleural fluid

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38
Q

Pleurisy

A

inflammation of the pleural membrane

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39
Q

Pressure Relationships

A

pressure changes within thoracic cavity are relative to atmospheric pressure

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40
Q

Atmospheric Pressure

A

Patm; pressure exerted by gases around the body; at sea level Patm = 760 mmHg = 1atm;

41
Q

0 Respiratory Pressure

A

means you are equal to 760 mmHg

42
Q

Positive REspiratory pressure

A

means its value is greater than 760 mmHg; below sea level

43
Q

Negative Respiratory Prssure

A

means its value is less than 760 mmHg; above sea level

44
Q

Intrapulmonary Pressure

A

Ppul; pressure in the alveoli; ALWAYS equalizes with atomospheric pressure (Patm)

45
Q

Intrapleural Pressure

A

Pip; pressure within pleural cavity; always les than Ppul (~4 mmHg less); MUST be negative for the lungs to remain inflated

46
Q

Atelectasis

A

lung collapses (partial or full) due to a plugged bronchiole

47
Q

Pneumothorax

A

lung collapse (full) due to air entering pleural cavity; some causes include knife stab or ruptured visceral pleura

48
Q

Breathing occurs…

A

inspiration and expiration; in response to changes in volume and pressureB

49
Q

Boyles Law

A

at constant pressure, the pressure (P) of a gas varies INVERSLY with its volume (V); if V increase P decrease; if V decreases P increases

50
Q

During ventilation…

A

a change in volume causes a change in pressure resulting in gases moving to equalize pressure

51
Q

Inspiration (quiet/nonforced)

A

active process; inspiratory muscles contract (diaphragm and external intercostal muscles); thoracic V increases; lungs are stretch and intrapulmonary V increases; intrapulmonary P drops; air from outside flows down pressure gradient into lungs

52
Q

Deep/Forced Inspiration

A

contraction of steroclediodomastoid and pectoralis minor further increases thoracic volume

53
Q

Expiration (quiet/nonforced)

A

passive process; inspiratory muscles relax; thoracic volume decreases; lungs recoil passively and intrapulmonary volume decreases; intrapulmonary P rises; air flows out of lungs down pressure gradients

54
Q

Deep/Forced Expiration

A

contraction of external oblique, transversus abdominus and internal intercostals further decrease thoracic volume

55
Q

Airway Resistance

A

greatest in medium sized bronchi

56
Q

Alveolar Surface Tension

A

reduced by surfactant production

57
Q

Lung Compliance

A

distensibility of lungs or chest wall; high compliance- both expand easily; low compliance- one or both resist expansion

58
Q

ADD RESPIRATORY VOLUMES AND CAPACITIES

A
59
Q

Anatomical Dead Space

A

portion of inspired air that does no take part in gas exchange (extends from to terminal bronchioles

60
Q

Respiratory Capacity Values

A

are used to distinguish between obstructive and restrictive pulmonary disease

61
Q

Obstructive Pulmonary Disorders

A

emphysema, chronic bronchitis, asthma, lung cancer; involve increased air way resistance; TLC, FRC and RV are elevated because lungs hyperinflate

62
Q

Restricted Pulmonary Disorder

A

TB, asbestos exposure, chest compression; VC, TLC, FRC, and RV are rediced because lung expansion is limited

63
Q

Daltons Law of Partial Pressures

A

total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sume of th epressures exterted by each gas in the mixture

64
Q

Henrys Law

A

when a gas is in contact with a liquid, the gas will desolve in the liquid in proportion to its partial pressure; CO2 very soluble, O2 1/20 as soluble as CO2, and N2 is insoluble;

65
Q

Temperature of LIquid

A

solubility is inversley proportional to temperature

66
Q

External Respiration is influenced by…

A

partial pressure gradients and solubility; thickness and surface area of respiratory membrane; ventilation perfusion coupling

67
Q

Ventilation Perfusion Coupling

A

matching alveolar ventilation with pulmonary blood perfusion; controlled by local conditions in the lungs; Partial pressure (P) o2 controls perfusion by changing diameter of local arterioles ; Pco2 controls ventilation by chanign diameter of bronchioles

68
Q

O2 Transport

A

1.5% dissolved in plasma; 98.5% bound to heme portion of hemoglobin; each hemoglonin molecule transports 4 O2 molecules ; amount of o2 released to tissues depends on need (the lower PO2 of a tissue = needier it is)

69
Q

In tissue capillaries at rest…

A

Po2 = 40 mmhg; Hb is 75% saturated thus Hb releases 25% o2 to the tissues

70
Q

In tissue capillaries during strenous excersise…

A

Po2 = 20 mmhg; Hb 35% saturated thus Hb releases 65% o2 to the tissues

71
Q

Hemoglobins release of o2 to tissues is enhanced by….

A

increased temp (hb less saturated); increased Pco2; increased H (lower blood pH); increase BPG (waste product of glycolysis)

72
Q

Shifting curve to the right…

A

bohr effect; indicates that more o2 is being delivered to the tissues

73
Q

CO2 Transport

A

7-10% dissolved in plasma; 20% as carbaminohemoglobin (bound to globin portion of hemoglobin) ; 70% as bicarbonate ions in the plasma

74
Q

Elevated and lowered Co2…

A

elevated lowers blood pH (more acidic); low co2 raises blood pH (more basic)

75
Q

Hypoxia

A

inadequate o2 delivery to tissues; cyanosis and respiratory distress are characteristic signs

76
Q

Anemic Hypoxia

A

too few RBC or too little hemoglobin

77
Q

Ischemic Hypoxia

A

impaired or blocked blood circulation

78
Q

Histotoxic Hypoxia

A

cells unable to used o2; such as cyanide poisoning

79
Q

Carbon Monoxide Poisoning

A

CO binds to hemoglobin more readily than O2; patients do not exhibit cyanosis but instead exhibit bright red skin

80
Q

Medullary Centers

A

ventral respiratory group (VRG)–contains rhythm generators that control normal rate and depth of breathing (eupnea); dorsal respiratory group (DRG)–modified VRG rhythms based on input from chemoreceptors and stretch receptors

81
Q

Pontine Centers

A

smooth transitions from inspiration to expiration and vice versa

82
Q

Factors Influencing Rate and Depth of Breathing

A

higher brain centers; emotions; stretch receptors in lungs (inflation reflex); irritant receptors in lungs; chemical factors in arterial blood and brain tissue (decreased o2, increased co2, and increased h)

83
Q

What is the most important stimulus for breathing?

A

co2 levels NOT o2 levels

84
Q

Hyper/hypocapnia

A

hyper- increased co2 levels, hypo- decreased co2 levels

85
Q

Hyperventilation leads to…

A

hypocapnia; dangerous to free divers because you blow out too muchco2 and by the time low o2 is detected you are passed out and drowning

86
Q

Arterial Po2 must drop below 60 mmhg before…

A

o2 becomes the major stimulus for respiration; carotid bodies are main o2 sensors

87
Q

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

A

COPD; irreversible decrease i ability to force air out of lings; usually caused by smoking; ex) emphysema, chronic bronchitis; treated with inhalers- bronchiodilates and corticosteroids

88
Q

Emphysema

A

pink puffer; destruction of alveolar wall

89
Q

Chronic Bronchitis

A

blue bloater; inhaled irritants lead to chronic excessive mucous production

90
Q

Asthma

A

reversible decrease in ability to force air out of lungs caused by an immune response that constricts respiratory passages; treated with inhaled corticosteroids

91
Q

Tuberculosis

A

infectious dieases caused by the bacterium myobacterium tuberculosis; treated with antibiotics

92
Q

Lung Cancer

A

most cases (90%) caused by smoking; 5yr survival rate is 16%

93
Q

Sleep Apnea

A

temporary cessation of breathing during sleep; may be obstrucive or central (caused by reduced drive from respiratory center)

94
Q

Aspiration

A

inhaling or drawing something into the lungs or respiratory passageways; typically gets lodged in right bronchioles

95
Q

Epistaxis

A

nosebleed

96
Q

Cystic Fibrosis

A

most common lethal genetic disease in teh US; production of excessively think mucus

97
Q

Pneumonia

A

inflammation of lungs; fluid accumulates in lungs

98
Q

Pulmonary Embolism

A

embolus (blood clot) obstructs pulmonary artery

99
Q

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)

A

parts of brain not fully developed and they will stop breathing in their sleep

A&P 2 (12 decks)

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