Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

A&P 2 > Chapter 27: Reproductive System > Flashcards

Chapter 27: Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

Gonads

A

testes and ovaries; develop from the same embryonic tissues (gonadal ridges) during 5th week of gestation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Gonads produce same types of products…

A

gametes via meiosis; steroid sex hormones (estrogen, progesterone and testosterone)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What regulates the production of gametes?

A

hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis (HPG)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Hypothalamic Pituitary Axis

A

functions to regulate production of gametes and sex hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Inhibin

A

inhibits FSH ONLY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Scrotum

A

external sac enclosing testes; internal temp ~3 C lower than body temp;

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Pampariform Venous Plexus

A

absorbs heat from the testicular artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Cremaster Muscles

A

elevate testes; when it is cold

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Duortes Muscle

A

wrinkles scrotal skin; when its cold

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Testes

A

descend from abdomen into scortum thru inguinal canals; each one surrounded by 2 tunics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Spermatic Cords

A

connective tissue sheath; convey blood vessels, lymphatics, nerves and ducuts deferens to each testis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Tunica Vaginalis

A

outermost layer derived from the peritoneum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Tunica Albuanea

A

fibrous layer that forms septa, divising testis into lobules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Each lobule (of testis)…

A

contains 1-4 seminiferous tubules to straight tubule to rete testis to efferent duct to epididymis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Epididymis

A

comma shaped organ cupping the testis; contains a long, highly coiled duct; lined with pseudostratified epithelium; non motile stereocilia extend into lumen; sperm gain ability to swim and are stored until ejacualtion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Ductus Deferens

A

transports sperm from epididymis into pelvic cavity during ejaculation; ampulla (expanded end) merges with seminal vesicle duct to form ejaculatory duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Urethra

A

transports both sperm and urine; subdivided into prostatic, mebranous and spongy regions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Penis

A

deposits sperm in female vagina; consists of root, shaft, and glans penis; prepuse (foreskin): loose skin covering the glans penis; contains 3 erectile tissues- 2 corpora lavernosa (dorsal) and 1 corpus spongiosum (ventral) (surrounds urethra)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Seminal Glands

A

2; contract during ejaculation to secrete thick, yellowish, alkaline fluid (contains fructose, ciltrate, clotting factors and protaglandins); contribute 70% of semen volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Prostate Gland

A

1; donut shaped gland encirculing the urethra; contracts during ejaculation to secrete a milky, slightly acidic fluid (plays role in activating sperm); contributes ~30% semen vol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Bulbourethral Glands

A

2; pea sized glands embedded in the urogenital diaphragm; contracts during ejaculationto secrete a thick, clear mucus (functions to neutralize acid in male urethra and lubricates teh glans; <1% of semen vol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Semen

A

combination of sperm and accessory gland secretions; prostaglandin reduce viscosity of cervical mucus and stimulates reverse peristalsis in uterus; relaxin (hormone) enhances sperm motility; citrate and fructose provde sperm with energy source to make ATP; antibiotic chemicals; clotting factors and liquifying enzyems; pH 7.2-8 (helps neutralize acid in vagina); 2-5 ml per ejaculation; 20-150 million sperm/ml

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Erection

A

enlargement and stiffening of penis; sexual excitement triggers parasympathetic reflex which stimules local release of nitrix oxide (NO) which vasodilates penile arterioles which leads to corpora caveronas filling with blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Ejaculation

A

erectile impulses trigger sympathetic spinal reflex which constricts internal urethral sphincter and stimulates contraction of ductus deferens, prostate and seminal galnds; which leads to semen in urethra triggering somatic spinal refex which stimulates rythmic contractions of penile muscle resulting in ejaculation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Resolution
period of muscular and psychological relaxxation; follows ejaculation; initiated when SNS vasoconstricts penile arterioles, causing penis to become flaccid again
26
Spermatogenesis
process of sperm formation; begins at puberty; occurs in seminifrous tubules; occurs from puberty to death
27
Embryonic/Fetal Development- Males
primordial germ cells (PGCs) form in the yolk sac during 3rd week of embryonic development; PGCs prolifertae and migrate to gonadall ridges (weeks 5-9); gonadal ridges develop into testes (under influecne of SRY gene on Y chromosome); PGC differentitae into spermatogonia (2n stem cells) which divide continuously by mitoses to produce additional spermatogonia until puberty;
28
Sustenocytes
form blood testis barrier; provide nutrients; phagocytize defective cells; secrete testicular fluid; produce androgen binding protein (stimulates spermatogenesis) and inhibin (inhibits FSH release)
29
Spermatogenic Cells
sperm forming cells (spermatagonia, primary and secondary spermatocytes, spermatids)
30
Interstitial Endocrine Cells
(aka leydig cells); secrete testosterone; between seminiferous tubules
31
Myoid Cells
smooth muscle like cells; move materials along tubule
32
Events of Spermatogenesis
1) spermatogonia (2n) stem cells that divide mitotically to form 2 types of daughter cells; 2) Primary spermatocytes (2n) divide via meiosis to form spermatids 3) spermiogenesis occurs
33
Type A Cell
2n; remains spermatognia and maintains pop; does not move down to become spermatids
34
Type B Cells
move toward lumen to form primary spermatocytes; 2n; programmed to undergo meiosis
35
Primary Spermatocytes to...
meiosis I to become (2) secondary spermatocytes (n) and then meiosis 2 to become 4 spermatids (n)
36
Spermiogenesis
spermatids modified to form sperm; golgi apparatus packages acrosome enzymes; acrosome forms at anterior end; microtubules extend from centrioles to form flagellum; mitochondria multiply and cluster at base of flagella; excess cytoplasm sheds
37
How long does it take to go from primary spermatocyte to spermatozoa
64-72 days
38
Effects of Testosterone
stimulates formation of male ducts, glands, and external genitalia; masculinizes the brain and promotes descent of testes; stimulates growth spurt and development of male secondary sex characteristics at puberty; maintains adult size and function of genitalia; required for spermatogenesis;influences and libido; increases bone density and skeletal muscle mass
39
Ovaries
suspended in peritoneal cavity by suspensory, ovarian and broad ligament
40
Layers/Parts of the Ovary
layer of cuboidal cells (surface epithelium); Tunica albuginea (fibrous tunic); cortex (contains ovarian follicles); medulla (contains blood vessels and nerves)
41
Uterine Tubes
not connected to ovaries; consists of three regions- infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus; wall contains smooth muscle; mucosa highly folded with 2 cell types;
42
Infundibulum
funnel shaped region that bears ciliated fimbria; receives ovulated oocyte
43
Ampulla
widened region; usual site of fertilization
44
Isthmus
constricted region attached to uterus
45
Ciliated Cells
help transport ovulated oocyte toward uterus
46
Nonciliated Cells
have microvilli that produce noursihing secretion
47
Ectopic Pregnancy
implantation occurs somewhree besides uterus (normally oviduct)
48
PID
pelvic inflammatory disase
49
Uterus
receives and nourishes developing embryo; consists of fundus, body and cervix (contains cervical glands)
50
Pap Smear
scraps cells from cervix and look for abnormal cells; papillomavirus
51
Prolapsed Uterus
uterus can drop cervix into vagina
52
Wall of the Uterus consists of:
perimetrium, myometrium, endometrium
53
Perimetrium
visceral peritoneum
54
Myometrium
bundles of smooth muscle
55
Endometrium
innermost; receives implanted embryo if fertilization occurs
56
Stratum Functionalis
sheds during menstruation
57
Stratum Basalis
forms a new functional layer after menstruation ends
58
Spiral Arteries
serve functional layer and repeatedly degenerate and regenerate
59
Straight Arteries
serve basal layer and do not degenerate
60
Vagina
sanwhiched between bladder and rectum; passageway for menstrual flow and delivery of infant
61
Wall of Vagina consists of...
adventitia (fibroelastic outer layer); muscularis (smooth muscle); mucosaa (innermost, stratified squamous with rugae
62
What lubricates the vagina?
cervical mucous glands and mucosal fluid from vaginal epithelium
63
pH of Vagina
acidic; alkaline in adolescents
64
Mons Pubis
fatty rounded area over pubic sympysis
65
Labia
skin folds; labia majora (Lg, hair covered fatty folds); labia minora (thin, hairless folds)
66
Vestibule
recess enclosing the urethral and vaginal orifices
67
Greater Vestibular Glands
release mucus into vestibule
68
Clitoris
richly innervated erectile tissue; contains copora cavernosa
69
Mammary Glands
modified sweat glands found in both sexes; develop ability to produce milk under influence of pregnancy hormones
70
Breast Cancer
2nd most common type of cancer among females in the US; usually arises in epithelial cells of small ducts; 70% of women have no known risk factors; most are discovered by mammograms; 5yr survival rate >90%
71
Oogenesis
process of egg formation; begins before birth and continues till menopause
72
Embryonic/Fetal Development of Eggs
primordial germ cells (PGCs) form in the yolk sac during 3rd week of embryonic development; PGCs proliferate and migrate to gonadal ridges (week 5-9); gonadal ridges develop into ovaries (SRY gene absent); PGCs differentiate into oogonia (2n stem cells) which divide by mitososis and enlarge to form primary oocytes (2n)
73
Oogenesis Steps
Primary oocytes begin meiosis I but arrest in prophase I (in womb/before birth); by 5th week 7 million oocytes formed ; ~20 dormant primary oocytes are recruited (activataed) each month (complete meisosis I); only one moves on to be ovulated (depends on estrogen levels); secondary oocyte begins meiosis II but arrests in metaphase II and is ovulated; secondary oocyte completes meiosis II ONLY if fertilization occurs (1st and 2nd polar bodies degenerate)
74
Primordial Follicle
primary oocyte surrounded by 1 layer of flattened follicle cells
75
Primary Follicle
primary oocyte surrounded by single layer of cuboidal follicle cells
76
Secondary Follicle
primary oocyte surrounded by 2 or more layers of granulosa cells
77
Vesicular Follicle
or antral/tertiary; contains a fluuid filled cavity (antrum)
78
Grafian Follicle
large, mature follicle; secondary oocyte within hours of being ovulated
79
Ovarian Cycle
monthly series of events associated with ovum (egg) maturation; avg cycle about 28 days (but can range from 21-40); regulated by fluctuating levels of FSH and LH (affect vesicular follicles ONLY); consists of follicular phase and luteal
80
Follicular Phase
14 days but varies from 7-26; falling FSH levels trigger atreasia of all non dominant vesicular follicles ; primary oocyte of dominant follicle completes MI forming secondary oocyte (begins but does not complete M2) and first polar body; secondary oocyte ovulated
81
Fraternal Twins
resutls from 2 sperm fertilizng 2 separate eggs
82
Identical Twins
result from the splitting of an early stage embryo
83
Luteal Phase
ALWAYS 14 days after ovulation; initiated by ovulation; ruptured follicle collapses and antrum fills with clotted blood forming a corpus hermorrhagium; clot is resorbed and remaining granulosa and thecca cells form corpous luteum (secretes progesterone and some estrogen)
84
If implantation of embryo does not occur...
corpus luteum degenerates forming a scar (the corupus albicans)
85
If implanata of embryo does occur...
corpus luteum persists until placenta is able to take over hormone producing duties of corpus luteum (~3 months)
86
Regulation of female reproductive function at onset of puberty
linked to fat content of body (adipose produces the protein hormone liptin); if fat content is adequate hypothalamus becomes less sensitive to estrogen; if fat content and leptin low, puberty is delayed
87
Female REproductino Function: Adult Pattern Steps
1) GnRH stimulates ant pituitary to secrete FSH and LH; 2) LH initially stimulates thecal cells to release androgens; FSH stimulates granulosa cells to convert androgens to estrogens and secrete inhibin; 3) slightly elevated estrogen levels and rising inhibin exert negative feedback inhibiting release of FSH 4) mature dominant follicle produces large amounts of estrogens which exerts postivie feedback and triggering LH surge; 5) LH surge triggers- primary oocyte to complete meiosis I (and begin II), ovulation and transition of ruptured follicle into a corpus luteum ; 6) elveated progesterone, estrogens and inhibin exert negative feedback inhibiing release of LH and FSH
88
Uterine (Menstrual) Cycle
monthly changes in the endometrium; regulated by estrogens and progesterone; consists of menstrual, proliferative and secretory phase
89
Proliferative Phase
5-14 days; basal layer of endometrium form new functional layer; formation of progesterone receptors on endothelial cells; thinning of cervical mucus
90
Amenorrhea
not menstruating
91
Secretory Phase
15-28 days; endometrium prepares for implantation; rising progesterone levels stimualte spiral arteries to increase blood supply to endo metrium, endothelial glands enlarge and secrete glycogen into uterine cavity, cervical mucus thickens to form cervical plus
92
Effects of Estrogen
mostly estradiol; promotes oogenesis, follicle growth, and ovulation; stimulates growth spurt and development of secondary sex characterisitics at puberty; stimulates closure of epiphyseal plates at puberty in both males and females; maintains adult size and function of genetalia; stimulates production of watery cervical mucus; in conjunction with DHEA influecnes libido; inhibits diuresis (releasing lg amts of water)
93
Effects of Progesterone
after ovulation, enhances beting of cilia in uterine tubes to facilitate sperm momvement toward ovulated oocyte; promotes secretoy phase of uterine cycle; acts with estrogens to stimulate breast development; stimulates production of viscous cervical mucous; promotes diuresis
94
Female Erection
clitodirs, vaginal mucosa, and breasts engorge with blood; greater vestibular glands incresae secretion to lubricate vagina
95
Female Orgasm
intense pleasure followed by relaxation; unlike male is not accompanied by ejaculation or a refractory period; female orgasm not required for contraception
96
Trichomornasis
parasitic inf; more common in females than males; 70% of women asymptomatic; yellow green vaginal discharge with strong odor is most common symptom
97
Chlamydia
most common STI in the US; most infection are symptomatic; symptoms include urethrisi, vaginal or penile discharge, painful intercourse and irregular menses; in females responsible for 25-50% PID and major cause of sterility ; new borns affected during bith develop conjunctivites and respiratory tract infection
98
Gonorrhea
caused by the bacterium, neisseria gonorrhea; most infections asymptomatic; most common symptom in males is uretheritis; if untreated- in males urethral constriction and inflammation of ducts; in females PID and sterility
99
Syphilis
caused by bacterium treparema pallidum; primary symphilis- painless sore develops ~3 weeks post infection, disappears within a few weeks; secondary - body rash develops several weeks later; may exhibit fever and joint pain, enters latent period; tertiary- destructive lesions of CNS, blood vessels, bones and skin
100
Human Papillomavirus
most common STI in US; causes congenital warts; linked to 80% of all cases of invasive cervical cancer as well as penile, anal and oropharyngeal cancers; gardasil vaccine recommnede dfor both sexes before being sexually active
101
Genital Herpes
caused by herpes simplex virus; usually asymptomatic, however painful blister like lesion flareup repeatedly over time ; antiviral drugs reduce duration and intensity of flare ups; congenital herpes casues sever fetla malformations

A&P 2 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions