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A&P 2 > Chapter 18: Heart > Flashcards

Chapter 18: Heart Flashcards

1
Q

Heart

A

is a double pump that pushes blood through 2 circuits; right side of heart pumps blood through pulmonary circuit (heart to lungs to heart); left side of heart pumps blood through the systemic circuit (heart to body to heart)

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2
Q

Size, Location, and Orientation of the Heart

A

size- clinched fist and less than one pound; location- medistinum; orientation- apex angled to the left

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3
Q

What is the heart enclosed by?

A

pericardium (double walled sac)

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4
Q

Fibrous Pericardium

A

outermost; tough layer of dense CT; anchors heart to surrounding tissues; prevents it from overfilling with blood

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5
Q

Serous Pericardium

A

thin, double layered serous membrane deep to the fibrous pericardium; includes parietal pericardium and visceral pericardium

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6
Q

Parietal Pericardium

A

lines inner part of fibrous pericardium

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7
Q

Visceral Pericaridum

A

aka epicardium; forms outer laer of heart wall

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8
Q

What is pericarditis?

A

inflammation/swelling of the pericardium and can lead to cardiac tamponade (heart cant pump sufficient amt and must drain fluid to help)

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9
Q

What are the wall layers of the heart?

A

3; epicardium; myocardium; endocardium

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10
Q

Epicardium

A

visceral pericadium; outermost layer

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11
Q

Myocardium

A

bundles of cardiac muscle containing a network of collagen and elastic fibers

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12
Q

Endocardium

A

endothelial layer that lones heart chambers and is continuous with blood vessel endothelium

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13
Q

What are some of the external structures used to identify the chambers of the heart?

A

coronary sulcus; anterior interventricular sulcus

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14
Q

Interatria Septum

A

separates atria and contains a shallow depression (fossa ovalis- this is the depression that is left when the foramen ovale closes in the infant

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15
Q

What are the three veins that the right atria receive from?

A

superior vena cava; inferior vena cava; coronary sinus (on posterior side)

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16
Q

What are the four veins that the left atria receives from?

A

2 left pulmonary veins and two right pulmonary veins

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17
Q

Ventricles

A

Inferior receiving chambers; 2; thicker walls than atria; separated by interventricular septum; internally have papillary muscles and trabeculae carnae; right ventricle pumps into pulmonary trunk; left ventricle pumps into aorta

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18
Q

Heart Valves

A

flaps of endocardium reinforced with connective tissue; 2 atrioventricular valves; 2 semilunar valves; prevents backflow; ensures one way flow of blood thru heart; open and close in response to pressure changes

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19
Q

Tricuspid Valve

A

AV valve; between right atrium and right ventricle; has three flaps

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20
Q

Biscuspid Valve

A

AV valve; between left atrium and left ventricle; 2 flaps; aka mitral valve

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21
Q

What happens when AV valves are open?

A

1) blood returning to the heart fills atria, pressing against the ACV valves; the increased pressure forces AV valves to open; 2) as ventricles fill AV valve flaps have limply into ventricles; 3) atria contract forcing additional blood into ventricles

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22
Q

What happens when AV valves are closed?

A

1) ventricles contract, forcing blood against AV valve cusps; 2) AV valves close; 3) papillary muscles contract and chordae tendineae tighten, preventing valve flaps from everting into atria

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23
Q

Pulmonary Valve

A

SL valves; between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk; has 3 pocket like cusps

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24
Q

Aortic Valve

A

between left ventricle and aorta; has three pocket like cusps; SL valve

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25
Q

Semilunar Valves when Open

A

as ventricles contract and intraventricular pressure rises, blood is pushed up against semilunar valves, forcing them open

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26
Q

Semilunar Valves when Closed

A

as ventricles relax and intraventricular pressure falls blood flows back from arteries, filling the cusps of semilunar valves and forcing them to close

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27
Q

Incompetent Valve

A

valve does not function properly and you have a leak

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28
Q

Valcular Stenosis

A

valves are hardened; could need a replacement valve

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29
Q

Flow of Blood thru the Heart: Pulmonary Circuit

A

served by right ventricle; is a shot, low pressure circulation; blood comes in superior/inferior vena cava and coronary sinus then blood goes to right atrium then through tricuspid valve to right ventricle and then thorugh pulmonary valve to pulmonary trunk

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30
Q

Flow of Blood thru the Heart: Systemic Circuit

A

served by left ventricle, is a long high pressure circulation; blood comes in four pulmonary veins to left atrium and then through bicuspid (mitral) valve to left ventrile then through aortic SL valve to the aorta

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31
Q

Right and Left Ventricles pump….

A

equal volumes of blood when the contract but left ventricle works a lot harder because it hasto have more pressure/force

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32
Q

Coronary Circulation

A

myocardium needs its own blood supply to obtain o2 and nutrients

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33
Q

Coronary Arteries

A

left and right coronary. arteries branch from ascending aorta; lie in coronary sulcus; devliever blood to myocardium when relaxed

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34
Q

What are the two branches of the left coronary artery?

A

anterior interventricular artery and circumflex artery

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35
Q

What are the two branches of the right coronary artery?

A

posterior interventricular artery and right marginal artery

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36
Q

Anterior Interventricular Artery

A

supplies blood to interventriular septum and anterior walls of both ventricles

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37
Q

Circumflex Artery

A

supplies blood to left atrium and posterior walls of left ventricle

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38
Q

Posterior Interventricular Artery

A

supplies blood to posterior ventricular walls

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39
Q

Right Marginal Artery

A

supplies blood to lateral right side of heart

40
Q

Coronary Veins

A

collect venous blood; converge to form the coronary sinus which empties into the right atria

41
Q

What is angina pectoris?

A

chest pain due to short term o2 deprivation

42
Q

What is a myocardial infarction?

A

heart attack

43
Q

Cardiac Muscle Tissue

A

striated; branched cells with 1-2 nuclei per cell; many large mitochondria; cells interconnected via intercolated discs (contain demosomes and gap junctions)

44
Q

Electrical Events and Basic Rhythm Controllers

A

contraction of the myocardium is intrinsic ( self generated ); set by noncontracting cardiac cells that depolarize spontaneously; sinoatrial node (SA), atrioventricular node (AV), atrioventricular bundle, right and left bundle branches, subendocardial conducting network (used to be purkinje fibers)

45
Q

Intrinsic Cardiac Conduction System

A

SA node (pace maker) generates 75 impulse/min, the sinus rhythm; AV node 50 impulses /min (junctional rhythm); AV bundle and subendocardial conducting network 30 impulses/min (too low to sustain life)

46
Q

Defects in the Intrinsic Conduction Sys. May Cause

A

arrhythmia, fibrillation, ectopic focus, heart block

47
Q

Arrhythmia

A

irregular heart beat

48
Q

Fibrillation

A

rapid, uncoordinated contractions

49
Q

Ectopic Focus

A

abnormal pacemaker (junctional rhythm or extra systole)

50
Q

Complete (total) Heart Block

A

artificial pacemaker implanted; no atrial impulses get to ventricles

51
Q

Partial Heart Block

A

artificial pacemaker implanted; only some implance get thorugh to ventricles

52
Q

Extrinsic Modification of the Basic Rhythm

A

cardiovascular centers in medulla oblongata modify sinus rhythm via ANS; cardioacceleratory center; cardioinhibitory center

53
Q

Cardioacceleratory Center

A

sends impulses via sympathetic fibers to SA and AV nodes , myocardium and coronary arteries; increases HR and force of contraction

54
Q

Cardioinhibitory Center

A

sends impulses via parasympathetic fibers to SA and AV nodes; decreases HR

55
Q

Electrocardiogram

A

ECG; graphic record of the electrical activity of the heart; 3 distinct waves

56
Q

P Wave

A

0.08 secs; results from atrial depolarization

57
Q

QRS Complex

A

0.08 secs; results from ventricular depolorization

58
Q

T Wave

A

0.16 secs; results when ventricules repolarize

59
Q

Cardiac Cycle

A

mechanical events (pressure and volume changes) that occur during 1 heartbeat; atriale systole (contraction) and diastole (relaxation) followed by ventricular systole and diastole

60
Q

Phase 1: Ventricular Filling

A

mid to late diastole; atria and ventricles relaxed; AV valves open; SL valves closed; blood flowing passively thru atria into ventricles; atria deporlarize and contract forcing remaining blood into ventricles; atria relax; ventricles depolarize and begin contracting; AV valves close when ventricular pressure greater than atrial pressure

61
Q

Phase 2: Isovolumetric Contraction

A

period of time when all 4 valves are closed during ventricular contraction rising ventricular pressure forces SL valves open

62
Q

Phase 3: Ventricular Ejection

A

blood forced from ventricles into aorta and pulmonary trunk; ventricles relax; SL valves close when ventricular pressure drops below aortic pressure

63
Q

Phase 4: Isovolumetric Relaxation

A

early diastole; period of time when all 4 valves are claosed during ventricular relaxation; AV valves open when ventricular pressure drops below atrial pressure

64
Q

What is the average length of time for the cardiac cycle?

A

0.8 secs; both chambers relaxed (quiescent period) 0.4 secs; atria contract 0.1 sec; ventricles contract o.3. sec

65
Q

1st Heart Sound

A

lub; occurs when AV valves close as ventricles contract

66
Q

2nd Heart Sound

A

dup; occurs when SL valves close as ventricles relax

67
Q

What is a heart murmur?

A

leaky valve

68
Q

Cardiac Output

A

amount of blood pumped out by each ventricle in 1 minute; calcualted by heart rate (HR) x stroke volume (SV)

69
Q

Average CO of adutls

A

75 bpm x 70 ml per beat = 5250 ml/min or 5.25 l/min

70
Q

Increase HR and/or SV and you…

A

increase CO

71
Q

Decrease HR and/or SV and you…

A

decrease CO

72
Q

Cardiac Reserve =

A

CO max - CO resting

73
Q

Stroke Volume

A

aount of blood pumped out per beat; SV = EDV-ESV

74
Q

End Diastolic Volume

A

EDV; amount of blood in each ventricle at end of diastole; about 120 ml/beat;

75
Q

End Systolic Volume

A

amount of blood in each ventricle at end of systole; about 50 ml/beat

76
Q

What are the three main factors that influence SV by altering EDV or ESV?

A

preload, contractility, afterload

77
Q

Preload

A

degree of muscle stretch just before contraction; determined primarily by venous return; alters EDV; increase venous return leads to increase EDV which leads to increase SV when leads to increased CO; ensures both ventricles pump an equal volume and pulmonary/systemic circuits are balanced

78
Q

Contractility

A

strength of contraction; alters ESV; inceased contractility leads to decreased ESV which leads to increased SV which leads to increased CO

79
Q

Afterload

A

pressure ventricles must overcome to eject blood (~ 80 mmHg in aorta and ~10mmHg in pulmonary trunk); alters ESV; NOT a factor in healthy individuals bc it is realtively constarnt; however individuals with hypertension are affected bc blood is ejected at high pressure; increased afterload leads to increased ESV which leads to decreased SV which leads to decreased CO

80
Q

What are some extrinsic factors that regulate HR?

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic NS; hormones; ions; age; gender; body temp

81
Q

Sympathetic NS

A

increased SNS stimualtion leads to increased HR which increases CO

82
Q

Parasympathetic NS

A

incrased PNS stimulation leads to decreased HR which leads to decreased CO

83
Q

At rest, heart exhibits vagal tone…

A

PNS slowing HR from 100 to 75; if you did not have vagus nerve stimulation the heart will beat faster cuz PNS not slowing SA node

84
Q

Epinephrine

A

increases HR and contractility

85
Q

Thyroxine

A

(high levels) increase HR

86
Q

Hypercalcemia

A

increased Ca2; increase HR and contractility

87
Q

Hypocalcemia

A

decreased Ca2; cardiac arrythmia

88
Q

Hyperkalemia

A

increased K; alter electrical activity and can lead to heart block and arrythmia

89
Q

Hypokalemia

A

decreased K; feeble HR and arrythmia

90
Q

Tachycardia

A

fast HR; over 100 bpm

91
Q

Bradycardia

A

slow HR; under 60 bpm

92
Q

Congestive Heart Failure

A

CHF; heart doesnt pump effeciently; pulmonary congestion (edema in lungs, occurs if left side of heart fails ); peripheral congestion (edema in body tissues, occurs if right side of heart fails)

93
Q

Foramen Ovale

A

opening between right and left atria; closes to form fossa ovalis (depression)

94
Q

Ductus Arteriosus

A

vessel connecting pulmonary trunk and aorta; closes to form ligamentum ateriosum

95
Q

ADD CONGENITLA HEART DEFECTS

A

A&P 2 (12 decks)

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