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A&P 2 > Chapter 23: Digestive System > Flashcards

Chapter 23: Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

Peritoneum

A

parietal and visceral; simple squamous on top of CT basement membrane

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2
Q

Mesenteries

A

double layered extesnions of the peritoneum; provide routes for blood vessels lympahtic and nerves; hold organs in place; store fat

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3
Q

Greater Omentum

A

extends from stomach and drapes over small intestines

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4
Q

Retroperitoneal

A

organs that are outside the peritoneum; some of pancreas; kidney and part of large intestine and bladder; these organs are covered by adventitia

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5
Q

Peritonitis

A

inflammation of perotinium

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6
Q

Four Layers of the GI Tract

A

inner is mucosa (epithelium, lamina propria, and muscularis mucosae); next layer is submucosa (blood vessels and glands); next layer muscularis externa (mostly responsible for peristalsis, circular layer and longitudinal layer); outer layer is serosa (CT, epithelium) or adventitia

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7
Q

Splanchnic Circulation

A

feeds/drains digestive organs

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8
Q

Arterial Supply..

A

consists of celiac trunk which serves stomach, spleen and pancreas; and superior/inferior mesenteric arteries serve small and large intestine

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9
Q

Hepatic Portal Veins

A

collect nutrients from digestive organs and shunts them to the liver

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10
Q

Nerve Supply Of GI Tract

A

enteric (means digestive) nervous system (gut brain) regulates digestive system activity

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11
Q

Myentreric Nerve Plexus

A

sandwhiched between longitudinal and circular layers of muscularis externa

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12
Q

Submucosal Nerve PLexus

A

located with submucosa

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13
Q

Short Reflexes

A

mediated entirely by enteric NS

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14
Q

Long Reflexes

A

mediated by enteric NS and autonomic division of CNS via sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons

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15
Q

Mouth

A

mucosa (lining) is stratified squamous epithelium; bounded by lips cheeks and palate; soft palate closes off nasopharynx when swallowing; continous with oropharynx; accessory organs include tongue, salivary glands, and teeth

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16
Q

Tongue

A

bundles of skeletal muscle; mixes food with saliva to form a bolus (compact mass); initiates swallowing; upper surface covered with papillae; root of tongue has lingual tonsil

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17
Q

Intrinsic Tongue Muscles

A

change shape of tongue

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18
Q

Extrinsic Tongue Muscles

A

alter tongue position (front, back, left, right)

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19
Q

Filliform Papillae

A

most numerous; roughen tongue surface

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20
Q

Fungiform, Vallate and Foliate Papillae

A

possess taste buds

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21
Q

Lingual Frenulum

A

anchors tongue; children born with a short frenulum (ankyloglossia) are “tongue tied”

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22
Q

Parotid Salivary Gland

A

anterior to ear; contains serous cells

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23
Q

Submandibular Salivary Gland

A

media aspect of mandibular body; contains serous cells

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24
Q

Sublingual Salivary Glands

A

under tongue; contains primarily mucous cells (produce mucus)

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25
Q

Mumps

A

infection of parotid glands; normally one but can be both;males who get it have a 25% infertility rate

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26
Q

Saliva

A

functions to cleanse mouth, dissolve food chemicals, moisten food and begin digestion

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27
Q

Composition of Saliva

A

97-99.5% water; electrolytes; has salivary amylase (breaks down proteins) and lingual lipase (break down lipids); has mucin and lysozyme (inhibits bacterial growth) , IgA antibodies (stops pathogens from attaching to mucous membranes) and defensins

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28
Q

Salivation primarily controlled rby…

A

PNS but strong SNS stimulation inhibits salavation

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29
Q

Teeth

A

lie in sockets (alveoli) and secured by periodontal ligament; 2 sets deciduous (baby or milk teeth) (20 total) and permamnent teeth (32 total)

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30
Q

Pharynx

A

mucosa is stratified squamous epithelium; bolus enter oropharynx and passes to laryngopharynx; pharyngal contricts muscles to propel bolus into esophagus

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31
Q

Esophagus

A

collapsed tube posterior to trachea; mucosa is stratified squaous epithelium; submucosa (areolar CT) contains esophageal glands; muscularis externa muscles transition from skeletal to smooth; outermost layer is adventitia (fibrous CT)

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32
Q

Upper Esophageal Sphincter

A

at junction with pahrynx

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33
Q

Lower Esophageal Sphincter

A

at junction with stomach

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34
Q

Heartburn

A

Stomach acid is burning the end of the esophagus

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35
Q

GERD

A

gastro esophagela reflux disease; chronic heart burn

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36
Q

Hiatal Hernia

A

part of stomach is pushing into mediastinum area

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37
Q

What are the phases of deglutition?

A

(aka swallowing); buccal phase, pharyngeal-esophageal phase (3-5); peristalsis and gastrophageal sphincter opens

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38
Q

Buccal Phase

A

voluntary; upper esophageal sphincter closed; tongue presses against hard palate and forces bolus back

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39
Q

Pharyngeal Esophageal Phase

A

tongue blocks mouth and soft palate blocks nasopahrynx; epiglottis blocks trachea; upper esophageal sphincter relaxes and food enters esophagus ADDDDD

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40
Q

Main Regions of Stomach

A

cardia, fundus, body and pylorus

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41
Q

Cardiac Sphincter

A

aka lower esophageal; prevents reflux

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42
Q

Pyloric Sphincter

A

regulates emptying of stomach

43
Q

Lesser Omentum

A

extends from lesser curvature to liver

44
Q

Greater Omentum

A

extends from greater curvature and drapes over small intestine

45
Q

Rugae

A

allow distension of the stomach; longitudinal folds

46
Q

3 Layers of Stomach Muscularis Externa

A

outer longitudinal layer; middle circular layer; and inner oblique layer

47
Q

Mucosa of Stomach

A

lined with simple columnar epithelium composed of mucous cells

48
Q

Gastric Pits

A

lead into gastric glands

49
Q

Gastric Gland Cells

A

mucous neck cells; parietal cells; chief cells; enteroendocrine cells

50
Q

Mucous Neck Cells

A

produce thin acidic mucus

51
Q

Parietal Cells

A

secrete intrinsic factor and HCL; intrinsic factor is vital bc without it you can not absorb B12

52
Q

Chief Cells

A

secrete pepsinogen (converted to pepsin in lumen of stomach which breaks down proteins) and lipases (lipid breakdown)

53
Q

Enteroendocrine Cells

A

secrete chemical messengers; histamin, serotonin and gastrin

54
Q

Mucosal Barrier

A

protects stomach mucosa; thick layer of bicarbonate rich mucous; epithelial cells of mucosa joined by tight junctions; damaged mucousa cells shed and quixkly regenerate (3-6 days)

55
Q

Gastritis

A

inflammation of stomach lining

56
Q

Gastric Ulcer

A

mucosal barrier in an area has thinned and part of stomach digested; becomes deadly if stomach contents get into abdominal cavity; normally occurs in polorus section; normally caused by helicobacter pylori bacteria

57
Q

ADD IN GASTRIC PHASES

A
58
Q

Liver

A

largest gland in the body; 4 primary lobes: right , left, caudate and quadate; blood enters liver via haptic artery and hepatic portal vein; composed of hexagonally- lobules

59
Q

Hepatocytes

A

produce bile

60
Q

Bile is NOT…

A

an enzyme; it is an emusifer (such as fats)

61
Q

Blood Flow through the Liver

A

celiac trunk to haptic artery to portal arteriole
mesenteric veins to hepatic portal vein to portal vein
both of these converge to liver sinusoids to central vein to haptic vein to inf vena cava

62
Q

Flow of Bile

A

hepatocytes to bile canaliculi to bile duct of triad to R and L hepatic ducts to common haptic duct to bile duct to hepatopancreatic ampulla to duodenum

63
Q

Composition of Bile

A

bile salts (emulsify fats adnd conserved/recycled); bile pigment (primary bilirubin); cholesterol; triglycerides; phospholipids; electrolytes

64
Q

Hepatitis

A

inflammation of the liver due to toxic effects of alcohol, grugs or viruses; HVA and HVE trasminted enterically (consumed) and self limiting (cures itself); HVB and HVC transmitted blood; linked to chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis and cancer

65
Q

NAFLD (non-alcoholic fatty liver disease)

A

usually no symptoms; most common in N america; linked to insulin resistance

66
Q

cirrhosis

A

late stage fibrosis of the liver; usually results from chronic hepatitis due to alcoholism, NAFLD or viral hepatitis

67
Q

Gall Bladder

A

thin walled muscular sac; stores and concentrates bile; released bile into bile ducts via cytic duct

68
Q

Gallstones

A

cholesterol crystalized and creates lil balls; can clog ducts; removed best by ultrasounds

69
Q

Jaundice

A

piled up pigments

70
Q

Pancreas

A

mostly retroperitoneal; has endocrine and exocrine functions; endocrine portion (islets) produces insulin and glucagon; exocrine portion acinar cells produce enzymes and duct cells produce h2o and HCO3

71
Q

Composition of Pancreatic Juice

A

pH ~8; water; electrolytes (primarily HCO3); enzymes (amylase, lipases, nuclease, and proteases)

72
Q

Enteropeptidase

A

brush border enzyme; activates tripsinogen and then tripsen activates others

73
Q

Regualtion of Bile and Pancreatic Secretion

A

under neural and (primarily) hormonal control (primarily CCK and Secretin)

74
Q

Small Intestine

A

3 parts: duodenum, jejunum, and ileum; main site of digestion and absorption; blood supplied primarily by superior mesenteric artery; blood drained by superior mesenteric vein into hepatic portal vein

75
Q

Villi

A

finger like projections of mucosa; each villus contains blood capillaries and a lacteal

76
Q

Microvilli

A

cytoplasmic extension of muscosa; form the brush border which produces several membrane bound enzymes

77
Q

Intestinal Crypts

A

tubular glands; located betwee villi

78
Q

Enterocytes

A

primarily absorptive cells interconnected via tight junctions

79
Q

Goblet Cells

A

secrete mucus

80
Q

Enteroendocrine Cells

A

produce enterogastrones (secretin and CCK)

81
Q

Pareth Cells

A

secrete defensins and lysozyme (destroy certain bacteria); found primarily at base of crypts

82
Q

Stem Cells

A

divide continuously; found primarily at the base of crypts

83
Q

Duodenal Glands

A

located in submucosa of duodenum; secrete alkaline mucus (neutralizes acidic chyme entering duodenum);

84
Q

Peyers Patches

A

located at mucosa and submucosa of the ileum; component of MALT

85
Q

Ileocecal Valve

A

located at junction of small and large intestine

86
Q

Segmentation

A

pattern of motility after a meal; mixes chyme with bile, pancreatic and intestinal juices

87
Q

Migrating Motor Complex

A

pattern of motility between meals; initated by motilin (hormone porduced by duodenal mucosa during fasting); peristaltic waves move last remnants of meal and bacteria into large intestine

88
Q

Large Intestine

A

extends from ileocecal valve to anus; main function is to absorb water and eliminate indigestible food residues (feces); 3 unique features- teniae coli (band of longitudinal muscle), houstra (lil puckers) and epiploic appendages (bundles of fat)

89
Q

Cecum

A

blind sac; first part of lg intestine; below where ilium joings lg intestine and appendix hands off

90
Q

Appendix

A

part of MALT

91
Q

Colon

A

have the ascending, descending, transerse and sigmoid

92
Q

Rectum

A

3 rectal valves (prevents ya from pooping when you fart)

93
Q

Anal Canal

A

internal (smooth muscle) and external (skeletal muscle); anal sphincter

94
Q

Hemorrhoids

A

collection of blood vessels/excess tisue that extends into canal

95
Q

Microanatomy of Large Intestine

A

mucosa is simple columnar epithelium (except anal canal which is stratified squamous); lacks circular folds, villi and microvilli; large number of goblet cells

96
Q

Gut Bacteria

A

ferment some indigestible carbohydrates (lactose); synthezise (some) B complex vitamins and vitamin K

97
Q

Valvasalva Maneuver

A

basically straining

98
Q

Diverticulosis

A

lil pockets in lg intestine; recommend eating more fiber

99
Q

IBS

A

irritable bowel syndrome; severe abdominal pain; prompted by stress

100
Q

Diarrhea

A

watery stool; notime to absorb excess water

101
Q

Constipation

A

absorbing too much water

102
Q

Digestion

A

catabolic process- lg molecules hydrolyzed into monomers; requires enzymes; most digestion occurs in the small intestine

103
Q

Absorption

A

process of moving monomers from lumen of intestine into the body; must pass through epithelial cells to be absorbed

104
Q
A

A&P 2 (12 decks)

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