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A&P 2 > Chapter 25: Urinary System > Flashcards

Chapter 25: Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of Urinary system

A

regualtes volume and chemical makeup of extracellular and intracellular fluids; ensures long term acid base balance; excretes metabolic (nitrogenous) wastes, drugs and toxins; produces erythropoietin (hormone regulating RBC produciton) and renin (enzyme regualting BP); converts vit D to its active form; carries out gluconeogeneiss during prolonged fasting

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2
Q

Location of Kidneys

A

superior lumbar region (between T12 and L3); retroperitenial

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3
Q

What are the three supportive tissues that surround the kidneys?

A

renal fascia; perirenal fat capulse; fibrous capsule

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4
Q

Renal Fascia

A

anchors kidneys to surround structures

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5
Q

Perirenal Fat Capsule

A

cushions the kidneys

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6
Q

Fibrous Capsule

A

prevents infections from spreading to kidneys

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7
Q

External Anatomy of Kidney

A

ureter, renal blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves enter/exit kidney at renal hilum; adrenal gland sits atop kidney

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8
Q

3 Regions of the Kidney

A

renal cortex; renal medulla and renal pelvis

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9
Q

Renal Cortex

A

outermost; has granular appearance

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10
Q

Renal Medulla

A

contains renal pyramid; has striated pyramid

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11
Q

Renal Pelvis

A

funnel shaped tube continuous with ureter

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12
Q

Urine drains…

A

continurously from each pyramid; minor calyx to major calyx to renal pelvis to ureter

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13
Q

ADD BLOOD SUPPLY

A
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14
Q

Blood passes thru…

A

TWO capillary bed

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15
Q

Nephrons

A

structural and functional units of the kidney; process blood to form urine; consists of renal corpuscle and renal tubule

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16
Q

Renal Corpuscle

A

located within renal cortex; consists of two parts glomerulus and glomerular capsule

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17
Q

Glomerulus

A

ball of fenestrated capillaries; fed by afferent arteriole; drianed by efferent arteriole; filters blood to form filtrate; capillaries are higher in pressure compared to other parts of body

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18
Q

Glomerular Capsule is two layered

A

parietal layer- simple squamous epithelium; visceral layer- consists of podocytes (branching epithelial cells with foot processes that adhere to glomerulus); filtrate passes thru filatarion slits into glomerular capsular layers (cells and lg proteins can not pass)

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19
Q

Renal Tubule

A

located in cortex and medulla; consists of 3 parts- proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop, and distal convoluted tubule

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20
Q

Proximal Convoluted Tubule

A

PCT; continuous with glomerular capsular space; confined to cortex; wall is simple cuboidal epithelium with dense microvilli (brush border)

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21
Q

Nephron Loop

A

consists of descending and ascending limbs; extend into medulla; wall of thick segment is simple cuboidal epithelium; wall of thin segment is simple squamous

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22
Q

Distal Convoluted Tubule

A

DCT; confined to cortex; wall is thin layer of simple cuboidal epithelium with few microvilli

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23
Q

Collecting Ducts

A

not part of nephron; receive filtrate from nephrons and have 2 cell types; princuple cells- maintain water and NA balance and intercalated cells- maintain acid base balance of blood

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24
Q

Two Types of Nephrons Exist

A

Cortical nephrons and juxtamedullary nephrons

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25
Cortical Nephrons
85%; glomerulus in outer cortex; short nephron loops; efferent arteriole empties into peritubular capillary bed
26
Juxtamedullary Capillary Bed
15%; glomerulus nearer cortex (medulla junction); long nephron loops; efferent arteriole empties inot vasa recta capillary bed; play major role in forming concentrated urine
27
Juxtaglomerular Complex
JGC; region of nephron where the afferent arteriole contacts the distal portion of the ascending limb; consists of three populations of cells- granular cells, macula densa and extraglomerular mesangial cells
28
Granular Cells
modified smooth muscle cells in wall of afferent arteriole; function as mechanoreceptors to monitor BP; secrete renin (enzyme)
29
Macula Densa
modified epithelial cells in ascending limp; function as chemoreceptors to monitor NaCl in filtrate
30
Extraglomerular Mesangial Cells
sandwhiched between afferent arteriole and macula densa; involved in cross talk
31
What three processes are involved with urine formation?
glomerular filtration; tubular reabsorption; tubular secretion
32
Glomerular Filtration
occurs within renal corpuscles; passive, non selective process; hydrostatic pressure forces fluids and solutes thru a filatration membrane; produces a cell and protein free filtrate
33
Filtrate membrane consists of three layers..
fenerstrated endothelium of glomerular capillaries; basement membrane; foot processes of podocytes of the glomerular capsule
34
Glomerular Mesangial Cells
remove macromolecules that clog the filtration membrane
35
Hydrostatic Pressure in Glomerular Capillaries
HPgc = 55 mmhg; pushes water and solutes out of glomerulus into capsular space
36
Hydrostatic Pressure in Capsular Space
HPcs=15 mmhg; pushes water and solutes out of capsular space in glomerulus
37
Osmotic Pressure in the Glomerulus
OPgc= 30 mmhg; blood proteins pull water in glomerulus
38
Net Filtration Pressure =
(NFP); outward pressures - inward pressures = HPgc - (HPcs + OPgc) = 55 - ((15+30)= 10 mmhg
39
Glomerular Filtration Rate
GFR; volume of filtrate formed per min by both kidneys; normal = 120-125 ml/min
40
GFR determined primarily by..
HPgc
41
dilation of afferent arteriole (constriction of efferent arteriole) does what to GFR
increases it
42
Constriction of afferent arteriole ( or dilation of efferent arteriole) does what to GFR
decreases it
43
What are the two types of control that regulates GFR?
intrinsic and extrinsic
44
Intrinsic Control
renal autoregulation; kidney adjusts its own resistance to blood flow; involves two mechanisms that directly regulate GFR- myogenic mechanism (targets smooth muscle of afferent arteriole) and tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism (directed by macula densa of cells of the JGC); regulates when mean arterial pressure is 80-180 mmhg (so in a relatively normal range)
45
Extrinsic Control
override intrinsic controls if mean arterial pressure is <80 or >180 mmhg; involves 2 mechanisms that indirectly regulate GFR- neural mechanism (SNS) and hormonal mechanism (renin-angiotensis-aldosterone mechanism)
46
Tubular Reabsorption
process of reabsorbing (actively or passively) selected materials from renal tubules and collecting ducts, returining them to the blood stream; most reabsorption occurs from PCT; reabsorption in DCT and collecting tubes is regulated by hormones
47
ADH
targets collecting ducts; increase h20 reabsorption
48
Aldosterone
targets DCT and collecting ducts; increase sodium and h20 reabsorption
49
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide
ANP; targets collecting ducts; decreases na and h20 absorption
50
PTH
targets DCT ; increase ca reabsorption
51
Tubular Secretion
active process of moving selected materials from the peritubular capillaries into the filtrate for elimination in urine; diposes of certain drugs; eliminates undesirable substances (urea, uric acid); rids body of excess k; controls blood pH (H and HCO3)
52
Osmotic Gradient
reason kidneys have the ability to generate dilute and concentrated urine; ranges from 300 (cortex) - 1200 (pelvis) milliosmoles in renal medulla
53
Diuretics
increases water output; given to people who tend to retain fluid (diabetics, heart failure, increased BP)
54
Normal Output of Urine
800-1200 ml/day
55
Chemical Composition of Urine
h2o (95%) and solutes (5%); nitrogenous wastes (urea, uric acid); ions (na, k, po3, so4, ca, mg, hco3)
56
Urinalysis
may reveal presences of abnormal substances ADD THESE
57
Physical Characteristics of Urine
transparent (cloudiness indicates UTI); yellow color due to eurochrome; slightly aromatic; pH ~6 (ranges from 4.5-8); specific gravity (solute concentration) 1.001-1.035
58
Ureters
muscular tubes transporting urine from kidneys to urinary bladder; mucosa is transitional epithelium; muscularis has additional extern longitudinal layer in lower 1/3
59
Urinary Bladder
collapsible, muscular sac that stores urine temporarily; 3 layers - mucosa: transitional epithelium; muscularis: internal, circular and external collectively called detrusor muscle; adventitia or serosa (depends on area); mucosa of empty bladder forms folds called rugae; ureters penetrate posterior bladder wall so that bladder pressure forces ends of ureters to close (prevents backflow)
60
Trigone
triangular area outlined by opening of ureters and urethra; area most infected
61
Urethra
muscular tube transporting urine from bladder to exterior; mucosa transitions from transitional epithelium to pseudostratified columnar to stratified squamous
62
Internal Urethral Sphicter
smooth muscle; located at bladder-urethra junction; controlled by ANS
63
External Urethral Sphincter
skeletal muscle; at urogenital diaphragm; controlled by somatic NS
64
Female Urethra
1.5 in long; transports urine only
65
Male Urethra
8 in long; transports urine and semen; subdivided into 3 regions (prostatic, membranous, penile)
66
Micturition
aka urination, voiding; 3 simultaneous events occur- detrusor muscle contracts, internal urethral sphincter relaxes, external urethral sphincter relaxes; controlled by pontine micturition center and pontine storage center
67
Micturition in Infants
stretching of bladder initaties a spinal reflex but they can not control it; between ages 2-3 brain can override reflexive urination
68
Pyelerphritis
kidney infection
69
Glomerulonephritis
inflammation of glomeruli
70
Cystisis
bladder infection; experience painful urination (dysuria) and in females usually caused by fecal bacteria
71
Urethritis
infection of urethra
72
Renal Calculi
kidney stones; caused when crystals form from ca, mg, or uric acid
73
Chronic Renal Disease
GFR less than 60 ml/min for at least 3 months; leading cuase is diabetes mellitus (44%) followed by hypertension (28%)
74
Auria
urinary output less than 50 ml per day (kidneys must process 400-500 per day to excrete nitrogenous wastes)
75
Renal Failure
GFR less than 15 ml / min; treatment- hemodialysis or transplant

A&P 2 (12 decks)

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