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A&P 2 > Chapter 19: Blood Vessels > Flashcards

Chapter 19: Blood Vessels Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three major types of blood vessels?

A

arteries, capillaries, veins

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2
Q

Tunica Intima

A

inner most layer; endothelium (simple squamous epithelium)

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3
Q

Tunica Media

A

middle; smooth muscle; elastic fibers; allows for vasoconstriction and vasodilation

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4
Q

Tunica Externa

A

aka tunica adventitia; loosely wooven collagen fibers, nerve fibers (Sympathetic NS) and lymphocytes; larger vessels have their own blood supply (vasa vasorum)

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5
Q

What is the thickest layer of arteries?

A

tunica media

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6
Q

What is the thickest layer of veins?

A

fibrous collagenous

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7
Q

Elastic Arteries

A

thick walled; large vessels near the heart; low resistance; more elastic tissue than smooth muscle in tunica media; serve as pressure resevoirs (expand and recoil) to maintain blood flow during diastole; ex) aorta, pulmonary trunk, common carotid artery, subclavian artery, and common iliac artery

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8
Q

Muscular Arteries

A

distributing arteries; deliver blood to body organs; tunica media with more smooth muscle than elastic tissue; banded by internal and external elastic membranes

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9
Q

Arterioles

A

resistance vessels; small lumen (high resistance); rgulate blood flow into capillary beds

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10
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

vasocontriction of smooth muscle cells constrict lumen which increases resistance which reduces blood flow

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11
Q

Vasodilation

A

of smooth muscle cells dilates lumen which decreases lumen which incrases blood flow

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12
Q

Capillaries

A

smallest blood vessels; walls of tunica intima (1 layer of endothelial cells) surrounded by a basement membrane); function as sites of exchange (gases, nutrients, hormones, metabolic wastes) between blood and interstitial fluid;

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13
Q

What are the three types of capillaries

A

continuous cappillary; fenestrated capillary; sinusoid capillary

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14
Q

Continuous Capillary

A

least permeable and most common; abundant in skin, muscles, lungs and CNS; often associated with pericytes; most have intercellular clefts (gaps that allow limited passage)

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15
Q

Pericytes

A

contractile stem cells that generate new vessels or scar, help control capillary permeability and stabilizer capillary walls

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16
Q

Fenestrated Capillary

A

have large fenestrations (pores) that increae permeability; occurs in areas of active filtration (kidney) or absorption (sm. intestine) and areas of endocrine hormone secretion

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17
Q

Fenestrations

A

swiss like holes that tunnel through endothelial cells

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18
Q

Sinusoid Capillary

A

most permeable; in limited location; occur in liver, bone marrow, spleen and adrenal medulla; lg. intercellular clefts and fenestrations; allow lg molecules and even cells to pass; macrophages

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19
Q

Capillary Beds

A

networds of 10-20 capillaries; branch from terminal arteriole and empty into postcapillary venule; blood flow controlled by arterioles diameter which is regualted by SNS and local chemical conditions

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20
Q

What are the two additional features of capillary beds of mesenteries?

A

vascular shunt and precapillary sphincters

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21
Q

Vascular Shunts

A

consists of metarteriole and thouroughfare channel that directly connects terminal arteriole and post capillary venules

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22
Q

Precapillary Sphincters

A

smooth muscle bands that regulate blood flow thru true capillaries; controlled by local chemcial conditions only

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23
Q

Venules

A

form when capillaries unite

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24
Q

Veins

A

fromed when venules unite; lg diameter lumen accomodates a large blood volume (blood resevoir); venous valves (folds of tunica intima) located in veins of extremeties and prevent backflow

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25
Q

Vascular Anastomoses

A

interconnected network of blood vessels; provide alternate paths for blood to reach a body region

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26
Q

Arterial Anastomoses

A

occur arround joints, abdominal organs, heart and brain

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27
Q

Venous Anastomoses

A

extremely abundant

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28
Q

Arteriovenous Anastomoses

A

vascular shunts of mesentries

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29
Q

Varicose Veins

A

valve failure

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30
Q

Hemorroids

A

varicose anal veins

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31
Q

Aneuryism

A

wall of a vessel (artery or vein) is very thin and pops; may bleed out quickly if an artery

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32
Q

Arteriosclerosis

A

something that is decreasing the elasticity of the arteries

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33
Q

Artheroscleroisis

A

fat deposit

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34
Q

Blood Flow

A

volume of blood per unit of time (ml/min)

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35
Q

Blood pressure

A

force exerted by blood against the wall of a vessel; mm/Hg

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36
Q

Resistance

A

opposition to blood flow; a measure of friction the blood encounters; greatest in peripheral (systemic) circulation

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37
Q

What are the three sources of resistance in blood vessels?

A

viscosity, vessel length, vessel diameter

38
Q

Viscosity

A

thickness of blood; increase viscosity = increased resistance

39
Q

Vessel Length

A

long vessel = increased resistance

40
Q

Vessel Diameter

A

resistance increases as diameter decreases; most important factor

41
Q

F =

A

delta P divided by TPR

42
Q

Flow Rate of Blood

A

F; is directly proportional to the pressure gradients (delta P); if delta P increases then F increases; if delta P decreases then F decreases; it is indirectly proportional to vasciular resistance (TPR); if TPR increase then F decreases; if TPR decreases then F increases

43
Q

Which vessels are primarily involved in vasoconstriction/vasodialation?

A

arterioles

44
Q

Resistance

A

R or TPR: is far more important that delta P in regualting local blood flow bc R can be easily changed via vasoconstriction (increase R) and vasodilation (decrease R)

45
Q

Blood Pressure

A

blood always flows from areas of increased blood pressure to areas of decreased blood pressure

46
Q

Arterial BP

A

is pulsatile in the elastic arteries near the heart; BP is highest during ventricular systole (systolic P about 120 mmHg); BP is lowest during ventricular diastole (diastolic P bout 80 mmHg)

47
Q

Pulse Pressure

A

systolic P (pressure) - Diastolic P; if BP is 120/70 pulse pressure is 50

48
Q

Mean Arterial Pressure

A

MAP; diastolic P + pulse pressure/3; if BP is 120/70 and PP 50 then MAP is 86.7 mmHg

49
Q

Vital Signs

A

body temp; respiratory rate (about 12 per minute); pulse (measured in radial artery); BP (measured in brachial artery; via ausculatarory method using a sphygmomanoametery; varies depending on where it is taken; 1st sound soft tapping, second sound sounds of kerotkoff disappear)

50
Q

Capillary BP

A

about 35-17 mmHg and no longer pulsatile

51
Q

Venous BP

A

about 17-0 mmHg and continuous (no pulsing); pressure too low to preomote adequate return

52
Q

Modifications that Promote Venous Return

A

large lumens (decrease resistance); valves (prevent backflow); muscular pump (skeletal muscle activity, pushes blood up and valves keep blood up); respiratory pump (pressures changes in ventral blood cavity during breathing); sympathetic venoconstriction (SNS reduces volume of blood in veins)

53
Q

Regulating BP

A

need to keep BP high enough for adequate tissue perfusion (blood flow) but low enough to prevent damage to vessels; BP varies directly with cardiac output, peripheral resistance (TPR), and blood volume; regulatory mechanisms target one or more of these

54
Q

Short Term Regulation

A

neural controls; targets CO and TPR; cardiovascular center of medulla oblongata

55
Q

If cardioacceleratory center increases CO…

A

then SNS increases HR and force of contraction which causes BP to increase

56
Q

In cardioinhibitory center decreases CO…

A

it decreases BP; PNS lowers HR and force of contraction

57
Q

Increased SNS activity…

A

causes vasoconstriction which increases TPR which increases BP

58
Q

Decrased SNS activity…

A

causes vasodilation which lead sot decreased TPR which decreases BP

59
Q

Baroreceptors

A

stretch receptors; located in carotid sinuses and aortic arch; monitors changes in BP; most important

60
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

carotid and aortic bodies located near baroreceptors; monitors blood pH

61
Q

Higher Brain Centers

A

hypothalamus; involved in fight or flight; exercising, or change in body temp

62
Q

Short Term Regulation

A

hormonal controls; target TPR

63
Q

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

A

causes vasoconstriction whihc leads to increased TPR which leads to increased BP

64
Q

Angiotensin II

A

leads to vasoconstriction which increases TPR which increases BP

65
Q

Atrial Natrivretic Peptide

A

leads to vasodilation which leads to decreased TPR which leads to decreased BP

66
Q

ADH

A

only when BP dangerously low; leads to vasoconstriction which leads to increased TPR which leads to increased BP

67
Q

Long Term Regulation

A

kidgeys; targets blood volume

68
Q

Direct Renal Mechanism

A

alters blood volume directly WITHOUT help of hormones

69
Q

Indirect Renal Mechanism

A

renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism); stimulates aldosterone release (increased Na absorption); stimulates increased ADH release (increase h2o absorption); increased thirst; vasoconstriction; overall increasing blood volume

70
Q

Hypertension

A

chronoically elevated BP; systolic > 130 mmhg and/or diastolic >80mmHg

71
Q

Primary Hypertension

A

what 90% of people with hypertension has; they do NOT know the cause; may be a culmination of things

72
Q

Secondary Hypertension

A

what 10% of people with hypertension has; identified cause

73
Q

Hypotension

A

BP falls below 90/60 mmHg

74
Q

Circulatory Shock

A

inadequate blood volume which means blood cannot circualte normally; includes- hypovolemic shock, vascular shock, and cardiogenic shock

75
Q

Hypovolemic Shock

A

most common; lg scale blood/fluid loss

76
Q

Vascular Shock

A

loss of vasomotor tone which leds to decreased peripheral resistance

77
Q

Cardiogenic Shock

A

inadequate circulation due to pump failure (multiple myocardial infarctions)

78
Q

Intrinsic COntrol of Tissue Perfusion

A

autoregulation; control is entirely from within the tissues or organ

79
Q

Short Term Autoregulation

A

local chemical condictions alterla local blood flow to organs and tissues as needed

80
Q

Long Term Autoregulation

A

number of blood vessels in a region increases (angiogensis) and existing ones enlarge

81
Q

Extrinsic Controls of Tissue Perfusion

A

control is from outside tissue or organ; act via DND nerves and hormones to maintain MAP and Redistribite blood during exercise; decrease blood flow from kidneys and digestive organs

82
Q

Velocity of blood flow is fastest…

A

where cross sectional area of the vascular bed is least (aorta)

83
Q

Velocity of blood flow is slowest…

A

where cross sectional area of the vascular bed is greatest (capillaries); slow flow allows time for exhange of nutrients and wastes

84
Q

Capillary Exchange

A

movement of materials between blood and interstitial fluid; gases and lipid soluble molecules diffuse thru endothelial cells; water soluble solutes (amino acids and sugars) pass thru intercellular clefts or fenestrations; large molecules (proteins) transported cia cesivles

85
Q

Bulk Flow

A

movement of fluids across capillary walls

86
Q

Hydrostatic Pressure

A

HP; force exerted by blood against capillary wall

87
Q

Osmotic Pressure

A

OP; force created by plasma proteins that can not leave the capillary

88
Q

What is bulk flow due to?

A

differences between HP and OP at eaither end of capullar bed

89
Q

HP and Capillaries

A

pushes fluid out of capillaries (filtration) at arteriole end

90
Q

Colloidal OP and Capillaries

A

sucks fluid into capillaries (reabsorption) at venule end

91
Q

What happens to excess fluid?

A

it is reabsorbed by lymphatic capillaries and returned to blood stream

92
Q

Edema

A

abnormal accumulation of fluid in interstitial space resulting from imbalances of pressure that drive bulk flow or bloackage of a lymphatic vessel

A&P 2 (12 decks)

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