Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

a&p 2 > Chapter 16: Endocrine System > Flashcards

Chapter 16: Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Basic Endocrine System Stuff

A

control system of the body; initiates responses slowly; long duration responses; acts via hormones released into the blood; acts at diffuse locations (can be anywhere that blood can reach); hormones act of long distances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Exocrine Glands

A

have ducts; secretes substances (not hormones) to a epithelial surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Endocrine Glands

A

ductless; release hormones into the extracellular fluid (interstitial fluid- fluid that surronds all cells and plasma- fluid within blood vessels)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Hormones

A

long distance chemical signals released by endocrine glands into ECF; travel through out body via blood and lymphatic vessels; intitate changes in target cells; effective in tiny amounts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the types of hormone classification?

A

amino acid based; steroid hormones; basically water soluble and lipid soluble

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Amino Acid Based Hormones

A

most cells; all except thyroid are water soluble and cannot cross plasma membrane of target cell; receptors embedded in plasma membrane of target cell (bc they cannot pass bilayer); require help of second messengers to relay messages to target cells interior such as cyclic AMP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

ADD CYCLLIC AMP STUFF

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Benefit of Second Messenger

A

it amplifies the hormone signal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does amino acid based hormones change in target cells?

A

open or close ion channels (alters membrane permeability); activate/deactive enzymes; induce secretory activity; stimulate mitosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Steroid Hormones

A

sex hormones and adrenocortical hormones; estragen, testosterone, progesterone, cortisol, aldesterone; ALL are lipid soluble; pass through plasma membrane and bind to intracellular receptors of target cells ALL derived from cholesterol; direct gene activation mechanism; steroid and thyroid hormones alter gene expression by turning genes on or off in target cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

ADD DIRECT GENE AACTIVATION

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

ADD LIPID V. WATER SOLUBLE

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the three types of endocrine gland stimuli?

A

humoral stimulus, neural stimulus, hormonal stimulus; the three types trigger hormone synthesis and release from endocrine glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Humoral Stimulus

A

changing blood levels of ions or nutrients; ex) low ca2 in blood triggers parathyroid gland to release parathyroid hormone (PTH)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Neural Stimulus

A

nervous system stimulates endocrine gland directly; ex) sympathetic ner. sys. triggers adrenal medulla to relase epinephrine and norepinephrine (fight/flight response)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Hormona Stimulus

A

release of hormone is cause by another hormone; ex) releaseing and inhibiting hormones of hypothalamus stimulate anterior ppituitary galnd to release its hormones, some of which stimulate other endocrine glands to release their hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Tropic Hormones

A

hormones that stimulate the release of other hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Nervous sys. has the ability to…

A

override (modulate) endocrine sys to maintain homeostasis; ex) bodys response to long term stress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Target Cell Specificity

A

hormones circulate throughout body but ONLY affect cells that have receptors for them (target cells); cells cannot respond to a hormone if they lack receptors for that hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Factors influencing Target Cell Activation

A

blood levels of hormone; number of receptors on or in target cells; hormone recepter affinity (strength of binding)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What happens to receptors when there is persistently low hormone levels?

A

stimulate cells to increase the number of receptors; aka up-regulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What happens to receptors when there is persistently high hormone levels?

A

stimulate cells to decrease the number of receptors; aka down regulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How do high affinity receptors act?

A

they bind readily to their hormone therefore receptors are activated even if a small amount of hormone is present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How do low affinity receptors act?

A

will only become activated if there is a large amount of hormone present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Permissiveness

A

occurs when one hormone requires another hormone to exert its full effect; thyroid hormone has a permissive effect on reproductive system development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Synergism

A

occurs when 2 hormones that have the same effect on a target cell combine to amplify the response; when glucagon and epinephrine act tgether live releases 150% more glucose into the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Antagonism

A

occurs when one hormone opposes the action of another hormone; insulin lowers blood glucose level while glucagon increases blood glucose levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Hypothalamus

A

made of nervous tissue but still a endocrine organ; region of the brain that links the nervous and endocrine systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Functions of the hypothalamus

A

chief integration center of the autonomic nervous system (ANS); regulates body temp, hunger, thirst, and sleep/wake cycles ; synthesizes (makes) two hormones (oxytocin and ADH) which is released by the posterior pituitary gland; synthesizes releasing and inhibiting hormones which regulate anterior pituitary hormone release

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are the releasing/inhibiting hormones synthesized by the hypothalamus?

A

growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH); growth hormone inhibiting hormone (GHIH or somatostatin); thyrotropic releasing hormone (TRH); corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH); gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH); prolactin releasing hormone (PRH)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Pituitary Gland

A

sits in sella turcica of sphenoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Posterior Pituitary

A

aka neurohypophysis; composed of neural tissue; communicates with hypothalamus via hypothalamis-hypophyseal tract; stores and releases oxytocin and ADH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Oxytocin

A

stimulated by impulses from hypothalamic neurons in response to stretching of the uterine cervix or suckling of infant at breast; inhibited by lack of appropriate neural stimuli; target organ/effect- uterus: stimulates uterine contractions; initiates labor; breast: initiates milk ejection; effects of hyper/hypo secretion- unknown

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Antidiuretic Hormone

A

stimulated by hypothalamic response to increased blood solute concentration or decreased blood volume; inhibited by adequate hydratioon of the body and by alcohol; target organ/effect- kidneys: stimulate kidney tubule cells to reabsorb water from the forming urine back into the blood; hypersecretion= syndrom of inappropriate ADH secretion (SIADH); hyposecretion= diabetes insipidus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

ADD SIADH AND DIABETES INSIPIDUS

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Anterior Pituitary

A

aka adenohypophysis; composed of glandular tissue; communicates with hypo thalamus via hypophyseal portal sys (portal vein with capillary beds at each end); produces 6 hormones in response to hypothalamis releasing and inhibiting hormones

37
Q

TSH, ACTH, FSH and LH are…

A

tropic hormones

38
Q

What hormones are produced by the anterior pituitary?

A

growth hormone (GH); thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH); adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH); follicle stimulating hormone (FSH); luteininzing hormone (LH); prolactin (PRL)

39
Q

Growth Hormone

A

GH; somatostatin; stimulated by GHRH release which is triggered by low blood levels of GH and other triggers ; inhibited by feedback inhibition exerted by GH and insulin like growth factors and other triggers by either increases GHIH or decreased GHRH release; target/effect: liver, muscle, bone, stimulates somatic growth, growth promoting effects mediated indiractly by IGFs; hyposecretion = pituitary dwarfism; hypersecretion = gigantism in children; acromegaly in adults

40
Q

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone

A

TSH; stimulated by TRH and in infacnts indirectly by cold temp; inhibited by feedback inhibition exerted by thyroid hormones on anterior pituitary and hypothalamus and by GHIH; target/effect: thyroid gland- stimulates thyroid gland to release thyroid hormones; hyposecretion- hypothyroidism; may cause myxedema; hypersecretion- hyperthyroidism; effects similar to those of graves disease where antibodies mimis TSH

41
Q

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone

A

stimulated by CRH; stimuli that increase CRH relesase include fever, hypoglycemia, and other stressors; inhibited by feedback inhibition exerted by glucocoriticoids; target/effect- adrenal cortex: promotes release of glucocorticoids and androgens

42
Q

Follicle Stimulating Hormone

A

stimulated by GnRH; inhibited by feedback inhibition exerted by inhibin and estrogens in females and testosterone in males; target/effects: ovaries/testes: in females, stimulates ovarian follicle maturation and production of estrogen; in males stimulates sperm production; hyposecretion- failure of sexual maturation; hypersecretion- no important effects

43
Q

Luteinizing Hormone

A

stimulated by GnRH; inhibited by feedback inhibition exerted by estrogens and progesterone in females and testosterone in males; target/effects- overies/testes- in females, triggers ovulation and stimulates ovarian production of estrogens and progesterone; in males, promotes testosterone production; hypersecretion- no important effect; hyposecretion- failure of sexual maturation

44
Q

Prolactin

A

stimulated by decreased PIH; release enhanced estrogens, birth control pills, breast feeding, and dopamine blocking drugs; inhibited by PIH (dopamine); target/effects- breast secretory tissue- promotes lactation (makes milk); hyposecretion- poor milk production in nursing women; hypersecretion- inappropriate milk production

45
Q

Thyroid Gland

A

largest purely endocrine gland in the body; only endocrine gland to stores its hormone (TH) extracellularly

46
Q

Thyroid Hormone

A

TH; body main metabolic hormone; exists in two forms: thyroxine and triiodothyronine

47
Q

Thyroxine

A

T4 ;main form secreted by follicular cells

48
Q

Triiododthyronine

A

T3; 10 x more active than T4; most T4 converted to T3 at target cells

49
Q

Regulation of TH Secretion

A

Rising TH blood levels and GHIH inhibit release of TRH and TSH; falling TH blood levels and exposure to cold (in infants) stimulate hypothalamus to release TRH

50
Q

Effects of TH

A

targets most body cells; increased basal metabolic rate and body heat production (calorigenic effect); promotes glucose catabolism (production of ATP); regulates tissue growth and developement; promotes reprodutive ability; maintain BP

51
Q

Hyposecretion of TH

A

results from defects in or surgical removal of thyroid galnd, inadequate TRH or TSH< GHIH or too little iodine in diet

52
Q

Cretinism

A

in infants; hyposecretion of TH; macroglossia (enlarged tongue); umbilical hernia; mental retardation and stunted growth

53
Q

Myxedema

A

in adults; hyposecretion of TH; low metabolic rate; chills and constipation; thick, dry skin, and puffy eyes; lethargy and mental sluggishness; goiter develops if hypothyroidism due to lack of dietary iodine

54
Q

Hypersecretion of TH

A

graves disease- autoimmune condtion (abnormal antibodies mimic TSH); high metabolic rate; sweating; rapid, irregular heartbeat; weight loss; protruding eyeballs

55
Q

Calcitonin

A

secretion stimulated by increased blood calcium; NO known physiological role in humans; at pharmacological levels used to treat Pagets disease and osteoporosis (inhibits osteoclast activit and stimulates ca2 uptake and incorporation into bone); pagets disease- excessive breakdown of bone with irregular bone reformation

56
Q

Parathyroid Glands/Hormone

A

4-8 glands with variable location; PTH most important hormone regulating blood calcium levels; secretion stimualted by decrease blood ca2; primarily targets bone, kidneys and intestines

57
Q

Hyposecretion of PTH

A

hypoparathyroidism; causes hypocalcemia; makes neurons more excitable (tingling sensations, tetany and convulsions); if untreated (respiratory paralysis and death)

58
Q

Hypersecretion of PTH

A

hyperparathyroidism; causes hypercalcemia; depresses nervous system (abnormal reflexes); enhances formation of kidney stones

59
Q

Adrenal Glands

A

superior to kidneys and consists of- capsule (fibrous); cortex (glandular); and medulla (nervous tissue)

60
Q

What does the adrenal cortex consist of?

A

zona glomerulosa (mineralocorticoids); zona fasciculata (glucocorticoids); zona reticularis (gonadocorticoids)

61
Q

Mineralocorticoids

A

in zona glomerulosa; primarily aldosterone; essential for life; target kidney tubules (regulates na, k, h20, in ECF); stimulate Na REABSORBTION from tubules; h2o follows na; cause secretion of k into tubules

62
Q

Regulators of Aldosterone Release

A

renin-angiontensin-aldosterone mechanism; K in plasma; ACTH; atrial natriuetic peptide (ANP)

63
Q

Hyposecretion of Aldosterone

A

causes Addisons disease; weight loss; decreased na and increased k in blood; severe dehydration and hypotension; bronzing of skin (early sign of addisons)

64
Q

Hypersecretion of Aldosterone

A

causes aldosteronism; edema and hypertension (excess na retention); excessive excretion of k

65
Q

Glucocorticoids

A

in zona fasciculata; primarily cortisol; target most cells; at normal levels, helps keep blood glucose levels constant; at higher levels, helps deal with chronic stress; mobilize (breaks down) stored lipids and proteins (increase blood levels of fatty acids and amino acids); increased blood glucose via glycogen breakdow and gluconeogenesis; prolonged exposrure to glucocorticoids suppress inflammatory and immune responses

66
Q

Hyposecretion of Cortisol

A

causes addisons disease

67
Q

Hypersecretion of Cortisol

A

causes cushings syndrome; increase blood glucose (steroid diabetes); loss of muscle and bone protein; na and h20 retention (which leads to hypertension and edema); cushnoid signs- swollen moon face, redistricution of to abdomen and back of neck and increase in infections

68
Q

Gonadocorticoids

A

low levels of androgens; androgens converted in tissues to testosterone or estrogen; developemnt of axillary and pubic hair in females at puberty; contributes to female sex drive; source of estrogen (and testosterone) after menopause; in zona reticularis

69
Q

Hyposecretion of Androgens

A

no known effects

70
Q

Hypersecretion of Androgens

A

causes adrenogenital syndrome (masculinization of females); if conginetal, enlarged clitoris; recocious puberty; failure to menstruate or abnormal periods; excessive facial hair

71
Q

Adrenal Medulla

A

produces epinephrine (80%) and norepinephrine (20%); reinforces sympathetic NS responses to short-term stres (fight or flight response)

72
Q

Hyposecretion from Adrenal Medulla

A

not a problemH

73
Q

Hypersecretion from Adrenal Medulla

A

prolonged fight or flight response

74
Q

Pineal Gland

A

produces melatonin; peak production at night; induces drowsiness; influences circadian rhythm

75
Q

Pancreas

A

has exocrine and endocrine functions; pancreatic islets produce hormones tha tregulate blood glucose levels (endocrine); acinar cells prduce digestive enzymes (exocrine)

76
Q

Glucagon

A

produced by alpha cells of islets; release stimulated by decreased blood glucose; raises blood glucose; targets liver cells– breaks down glycogen to glucose (released into blood), promotes gluconeogenesis

77
Q

Insulin

A

produced by beta cells of islets; release stimulated by increase blood glucose; lowers blood glucose; targets most body cells; stimualtes all cells except live, kidney, and brain to take up glucose removing it from blood; inhibits gluconeogenesis

78
Q

Diabetes Mellitus

A

caused by hyposecretion (type 1) or hypoactivity (type 2) of insulin; blood glucose remains high after a meal; 3 cardinal signs- polyuria (increase urine output), polydipsia (increase water intake), polyphagia (increase appetite)

79
Q

Ovaries

A

porduce female sex hormone s

80
Q

Estrogens

A

maturation of female reproductive organs; appearance of secondary sex characteristis at puberty

81
Q

Progesterone (+ estrogens)

A

breast development at puberty; monthly changes in uterine mucosa

82
Q

Testes

A

produces male sex hormones

83
Q

Testosterone

A

maturation of male reproductive oragns; appearance of secondary sex characteristic at puberty; production of sperm; responsible for male sex drinve

84
Q

Placenta

A

temporary endocrine organ of pregnacy; secretes human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and high levels of estrogen and progeserone brginning in 2nd month; maintain health of placenta

85
Q

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin

A

hCG; prompts ovary to continue production of estrogen and testosterone until placenta takers over; presence of hCG in mothers blood indicates pregnancy

86
Q

Adipose Tissue

A

secretes leptin which supresses appetite

87
Q

Atria of Heart

A

secretes atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) which inhibits Na reabsorption and secretion of aldosterone to lower BP

88
Q

Kidney

A

secretes erythropoietin which stimulates red bone marrow to produce more RBCs

89
Q

Thymus

A

secretes thymosins which are involved in normal development of immune cells and immune response[p

a&p 2 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions