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A&P 2 > Chapter 16: Endocrine System > Flashcards

Chapter 16: Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Basic Endocrine System Stuff

A

control system of the body; initiates responses slowly; long duration responses; acts via hormones released into the blood; acts at diffuse locations (can be anywhere that blood can reach); hormones act of long distances

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2
Q

Exocrine Glands

A

have ducts; secretes substances (not hormones) to a epithelial surface

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3
Q

Endocrine Glands

A

ductless; release hormones into the extracellular fluid (interstitial fluid- fluid that surronds all cells and plasma- fluid within blood vessels)

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4
Q

Hormones

A

long distance chemical signals released by endocrine glands into ECF; travel through out body via blood and lymphatic vessels; intitate changes in target cells; effective in tiny amounts

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5
Q

What are the types of hormone classification?

A

amino acid based; steroid hormones; basically water soluble and lipid soluble

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6
Q

Amino Acid Based Hormones

A

most cells; all except thyroid are water soluble and cannot cross plasma membrane of target cell; receptors embedded in plasma membrane of target cell (bc they cannot pass bilayer); require help of second messengers to relay messages to target cells interior such as cyclic AMP

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7
Q

ADD CYCLLIC AMP STUFF

A
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8
Q

Benefit of Second Messenger

A

it amplifies the hormone signal

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9
Q

What does amino acid based hormones change in target cells?

A

open or close ion channels (alters membrane permeability); activate/deactive enzymes; induce secretory activity; stimulate mitosis

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10
Q

Steroid Hormones

A

sex hormones and adrenocortical hormones; estragen, testosterone, progesterone, cortisol, aldesterone; ALL are lipid soluble; pass through plasma membrane and bind to intracellular receptors of target cells ALL derived from cholesterol; direct gene activation mechanism; steroid and thyroid hormones alter gene expression by turning genes on or off in target cells

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11
Q

ADD DIRECT GENE AACTIVATION

A
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12
Q

ADD LIPID V. WATER SOLUBLE

A
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13
Q

What are the three types of endocrine gland stimuli?

A

humoral stimulus, neural stimulus, hormonal stimulus; the three types trigger hormone synthesis and release from endocrine glands

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14
Q

Humoral Stimulus

A

changing blood levels of ions or nutrients; ex) low ca2 in blood triggers parathyroid gland to release parathyroid hormone (PTH)

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15
Q

Neural Stimulus

A

nervous system stimulates endocrine gland directly; ex) sympathetic ner. sys. triggers adrenal medulla to relase epinephrine and norepinephrine (fight/flight response)

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16
Q

Hormona Stimulus

A

release of hormone is cause by another hormone; ex) releaseing and inhibiting hormones of hypothalamus stimulate anterior ppituitary galnd to release its hormones, some of which stimulate other endocrine glands to release their hormones

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17
Q

Tropic Hormones

A

hormones that stimulate the release of other hormones

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18
Q

Nervous sys. has the ability to…

A

override (modulate) endocrine sys to maintain homeostasis; ex) bodys response to long term stress

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19
Q

Target Cell Specificity

A

hormones circulate throughout body but ONLY affect cells that have receptors for them (target cells); cells cannot respond to a hormone if they lack receptors for that hormone

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20
Q

Factors influencing Target Cell Activation

A

blood levels of hormone; number of receptors on or in target cells; hormone recepter affinity (strength of binding)

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21
Q

What happens to receptors when there is persistently low hormone levels?

A

stimulate cells to increase the number of receptors; aka up-regulation

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22
Q

What happens to receptors when there is persistently high hormone levels?

A

stimulate cells to decrease the number of receptors; aka down regulation

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23
Q

How do high affinity receptors act?

A

they bind readily to their hormone therefore receptors are activated even if a small amount of hormone is present

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24
Q

How do low affinity receptors act?

A

will only become activated if there is a large amount of hormone present

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25
Q

Permissiveness

A

occurs when one hormone requires another hormone to exert its full effect; thyroid hormone has a permissive effect on reproductive system development

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26
Q

Synergism

A

occurs when 2 hormones that have the same effect on a target cell combine to amplify the response; when glucagon and epinephrine act tgether live releases 150% more glucose into the blood

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27
Q

Antagonism

A

occurs when one hormone opposes the action of another hormone; insulin lowers blood glucose level while glucagon increases blood glucose levels

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28
Q

Hypothalamus

A

made of nervous tissue but still a endocrine organ; region of the brain that links the nervous and endocrine systems

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29
Q

Functions of the hypothalamus

A

chief integration center of the autonomic nervous system (ANS); regulates body temp, hunger, thirst, and sleep/wake cycles ; synthesizes (makes) two hormones (oxytocin and ADH) which is released by the posterior pituitary gland; synthesizes releasing and inhibiting hormones which regulate anterior pituitary hormone release

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30
Q

What are the releasing/inhibiting hormones synthesized by the hypothalamus?

A

growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH); growth hormone inhibiting hormone (GHIH or somatostatin); thyrotropic releasing hormone (TRH); corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH); gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH); prolactin releasing hormone (PRH)

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31
Q

Pituitary Gland

A

sits in sella turcica of sphenoid

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32
Q

Posterior Pituitary

A

aka neurohypophysis; composed of neural tissue; communicates with hypothalamus via hypothalamis-hypophyseal tract; stores and releases oxytocin and ADH

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33
Q

Oxytocin

A

stimulated by impulses from hypothalamic neurons in response to stretching of the uterine cervix or suckling of infant at breast; inhibited by lack of appropriate neural stimuli; target organ/effect- uterus: stimulates uterine contractions; initiates labor; breast: initiates milk ejection; effects of hyper/hypo secretion- unknown

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34
Q

Antidiuretic Hormone

A

stimulated by hypothalamic response to increased blood solute concentration or decreased blood volume; inhibited by adequate hydratioon of the body and by alcohol; target organ/effect- kidneys: stimulate kidney tubule cells to reabsorb water from the forming urine back into the blood; hypersecretion= syndrom of inappropriate ADH secretion (SIADH); hyposecretion= diabetes insipidus

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35
Q

ADD SIADH AND DIABETES INSIPIDUS

A
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36
Q

Anterior Pituitary

A

aka adenohypophysis; composed of glandular tissue; communicates with hypo thalamus via hypophyseal portal sys (portal vein with capillary beds at each end); produces 6 hormones in response to hypothalamis releasing and inhibiting hormones

37
Q

TSH, ACTH, FSH and LH are…

A

tropic hormones

38
Q

What hormones are produced by the anterior pituitary?

A

growth hormone (GH); thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH); adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH); follicle stimulating hormone (FSH); luteininzing hormone (LH); prolactin (PRL)

39
Q

Growth Hormone

A

GH; somatostatin; stimulated by GHRH release which is triggered by low blood levels of GH and other triggers ; inhibited by feedback inhibition exerted by GH and insulin like growth factors and other triggers by either increases GHIH or decreased GHRH release; target/effect: liver, muscle, bone, stimulates somatic growth, growth promoting effects mediated indiractly by IGFs; hyposecretion = pituitary dwarfism; hypersecretion = gigantism in children; acromegaly in adults

40
Q

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone

A

TSH; stimulated by TRH and in infacnts indirectly by cold temp; inhibited by feedback inhibition exerted by thyroid hormones on anterior pituitary and hypothalamus and by GHIH; target/effect: thyroid gland- stimulates thyroid gland to release thyroid hormones; hyposecretion- hypothyroidism; may cause myxedema; hypersecretion- hyperthyroidism; effects similar to those of graves disease where antibodies mimis TSH

41
Q

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone

A

stimulated by CRH; stimuli that increase CRH relesase include fever, hypoglycemia, and other stressors; inhibited by feedback inhibition exerted by glucocoriticoids; target/effect- adrenal cortex: promotes release of glucocorticoids and androgens

42
Q

Follicle Stimulating Hormone

A

stimulated by GnRH; inhibited by feedback inhibition exerted by inhibin and estrogens in females and testosterone in males; target/effects: ovaries/testes: in females, stimulates ovarian follicle maturation and production of estrogen; in males stimulates sperm production; hyposecretion- failure of sexual maturation; hypersecretion- no important effects

43
Q

Luteinizing Hormone

A

stimulated by GnRH; inhibited by feedback inhibition exerted by estrogens and progesterone in females and testosterone in males; target/effects- overies/testes- in females, triggers ovulation and stimulates ovarian production of estrogens and progesterone; in males, promotes testosterone production; hypersecretion- no important effect; hyposecretion- failure of sexual maturation

44
Q

Prolactin

A

stimulated by decreased PIH; release enhanced estrogens, birth control pills, breast feeding, and dopamine blocking drugs; inhibited by PIH (dopamine); target/effects- breast secretory tissue- promotes lactation (makes milk); hyposecretion- poor milk production in nursing women; hypersecretion- inappropriate milk production

45
Q

Thyroid Gland

A

largest purely endocrine gland in the body; only endocrine gland to stores its hormone (TH) extracellularly

46
Q

Thyroid Hormone

A

TH; body main metabolic hormone; exists in two forms: thyroxine and triiodothyronine

47
Q

Thyroxine

A

T4 ;main form secreted by follicular cells

48
Q

Triiododthyronine

A

T3; 10 x more active than T4; most T4 converted to T3 at target cells

49
Q

Regulation of TH Secretion

A

Rising TH blood levels and GHIH inhibit release of TRH and TSH; falling TH blood levels and exposure to cold (in infants) stimulate hypothalamus to release TRH

50
Q

Effects of TH

A

targets most body cells; increased basal metabolic rate and body heat production (calorigenic effect); promotes glucose catabolism (production of ATP); regulates tissue growth and developement; promotes reprodutive ability; maintain BP

51
Q

Hyposecretion of TH

A

results from defects in or surgical removal of thyroid galnd, inadequate TRH or TSH< GHIH or too little iodine in diet

52
Q

Cretinism

A

in infants; hyposecretion of TH; macroglossia (enlarged tongue); umbilical hernia; mental retardation and stunted growth

53
Q

Myxedema

A

in adults; hyposecretion of TH; low metabolic rate; chills and constipation; thick, dry skin, and puffy eyes; lethargy and mental sluggishness; goiter develops if hypothyroidism due to lack of dietary iodine

54
Q

Hypersecretion of TH

A

graves disease- autoimmune condtion (abnormal antibodies mimic TSH); high metabolic rate; sweating; rapid, irregular heartbeat; weight loss; protruding eyeballs

55
Q

Calcitonin

A

secretion stimulated by increased blood calcium; NO known physiological role in humans; at pharmacological levels used to treat Pagets disease and osteoporosis (inhibits osteoclast activit and stimulates ca2 uptake and incorporation into bone); pagets disease- excessive breakdown of bone with irregular bone reformation

56
Q

Parathyroid Glands/Hormone

A

4-8 glands with variable location; PTH most important hormone regulating blood calcium levels; secretion stimualted by decrease blood ca2; primarily targets bone, kidneys and intestines

57
Q

Hyposecretion of PTH

A

hypoparathyroidism; causes hypocalcemia; makes neurons more excitable (tingling sensations, tetany and convulsions); if untreated (respiratory paralysis and death)

58
Q

Hypersecretion of PTH

A

hyperparathyroidism; causes hypercalcemia; depresses nervous system (abnormal reflexes); enhances formation of kidney stones

59
Q

Adrenal Glands

A

superior to kidneys and consists of- capsule (fibrous); cortex (glandular); and medulla (nervous tissue)

60
Q

What does the adrenal cortex consist of?

A

zona glomerulosa (mineralocorticoids); zona fasciculata (glucocorticoids); zona reticularis (gonadocorticoids)

61
Q

Mineralocorticoids

A

in zona glomerulosa; primarily aldosterone; essential for life; target kidney tubules (regulates na, k, h20, in ECF); stimulate Na REABSORBTION from tubules; h2o follows na; cause secretion of k into tubules

62
Q

Regulators of Aldosterone Release

A

renin-angiontensin-aldosterone mechanism; K in plasma; ACTH; atrial natriuetic peptide (ANP)

63
Q

Hyposecretion of Aldosterone

A

causes Addisons disease; weight loss; decreased na and increased k in blood; severe dehydration and hypotension; bronzing of skin (early sign of addisons)

64
Q

Hypersecretion of Aldosterone

A

causes aldosteronism; edema and hypertension (excess na retention); excessive excretion of k

65
Q

Glucocorticoids

A

in zona fasciculata; primarily cortisol; target most cells; at normal levels, helps keep blood glucose levels constant; at higher levels, helps deal with chronic stress; mobilize (breaks down) stored lipids and proteins (increase blood levels of fatty acids and amino acids); increased blood glucose via glycogen breakdow and gluconeogenesis; prolonged exposrure to glucocorticoids suppress inflammatory and immune responses

66
Q

Hyposecretion of Cortisol

A

causes addisons disease

67
Q

Hypersecretion of Cortisol

A

causes cushings syndrome; increase blood glucose (steroid diabetes); loss of muscle and bone protein; na and h20 retention (which leads to hypertension and edema); cushnoid signs- swollen moon face, redistricution of to abdomen and back of neck and increase in infections

68
Q

Gonadocorticoids

A

low levels of androgens; androgens converted in tissues to testosterone or estrogen; developemnt of axillary and pubic hair in females at puberty; contributes to female sex drive; source of estrogen (and testosterone) after menopause; in zona reticularis

69
Q

Hyposecretion of Androgens

A

no known effects

70
Q

Hypersecretion of Androgens

A

causes adrenogenital syndrome (masculinization of females); if conginetal, enlarged clitoris; recocious puberty; failure to menstruate or abnormal periods; excessive facial hair

71
Q

Adrenal Medulla

A

produces epinephrine (80%) and norepinephrine (20%); reinforces sympathetic NS responses to short-term stres (fight or flight response)

72
Q

Hyposecretion from Adrenal Medulla

A

not a problemH

73
Q

Hypersecretion from Adrenal Medulla

A

prolonged fight or flight response

74
Q

Pineal Gland

A

produces melatonin; peak production at night; induces drowsiness; influences circadian rhythm

75
Q

Pancreas

A

has exocrine and endocrine functions; pancreatic islets produce hormones tha tregulate blood glucose levels (endocrine); acinar cells prduce digestive enzymes (exocrine)

76
Q

Glucagon

A

produced by alpha cells of islets; release stimulated by decreased blood glucose; raises blood glucose; targets liver cells– breaks down glycogen to glucose (released into blood), promotes gluconeogenesis

77
Q

Insulin

A

produced by beta cells of islets; release stimulated by increase blood glucose; lowers blood glucose; targets most body cells; stimualtes all cells except live, kidney, and brain to take up glucose removing it from blood; inhibits gluconeogenesis

78
Q

Diabetes Mellitus

A

caused by hyposecretion (type 1) or hypoactivity (type 2) of insulin; blood glucose remains high after a meal; 3 cardinal signs- polyuria (increase urine output), polydipsia (increase water intake), polyphagia (increase appetite)

79
Q

Ovaries

A

porduce female sex hormone s

80
Q

Estrogens

A

maturation of female reproductive organs; appearance of secondary sex characteristis at puberty

81
Q

Progesterone (+ estrogens)

A

breast development at puberty; monthly changes in uterine mucosa

82
Q

Testes

A

produces male sex hormones

83
Q

Testosterone

A

maturation of male reproductive oragns; appearance of secondary sex characteristic at puberty; production of sperm; responsible for male sex drinve

84
Q

Placenta

A

temporary endocrine organ of pregnacy; secretes human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and high levels of estrogen and progeserone brginning in 2nd month; maintain health of placenta

85
Q

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin

A

hCG; prompts ovary to continue production of estrogen and testosterone until placenta takers over; presence of hCG in mothers blood indicates pregnancy

86
Q

Adipose Tissue

A

secretes leptin which supresses appetite

87
Q

Atria of Heart

A

secretes atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) which inhibits Na reabsorption and secretion of aldosterone to lower BP

88
Q

Kidney

A

secretes erythropoietin which stimulates red bone marrow to produce more RBCs

89
Q

Thymus

A

secretes thymosins which are involved in normal development of immune cells and immune response[p

A&P 2 (12 decks)

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