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A&P 2 > Chapter 24: Nutrition, Metabolism, and Energy Balance > Flashcards

Chapter 24: Nutrition, Metabolism, and Energy Balance Flashcards

1
Q

Nutrients

A

food substances that the body uses to promote normal growth, maintenance, and repair

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2
Q

Essential Nutrients

A

must be consumed

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3
Q

Macronutrients

A

needed in large amts; can be hydrolyzed to make ATP; include carbs, lipids, proteins

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4
Q

Micronutrients

A

needed in minute amts; CANNOT be hydrolyzed to make ATP; include vitamins and minerals

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5
Q

Energy Content of FOod

A

measured in kilocalories (kcal) per 1 gram; 1 gram carbs and proteins = 4 kcal; 1 gram lipid = 9kcal

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6
Q

Carbohydrates

A

organic compounds containing C, H, and O; about same number as C as there is O

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7
Q

Dietary Sources of Carbs

A

primarily from plants; monosaccahrides and disaccharides; fruits, sugar cane, beets, honey, milk; polysaccharides (complex carbs) such as starch (grain and veggies), cellulose (insoluble fiber from plants), pectin (soluble fiber from fruits)

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8
Q

Uses of Carbs in the Body

A

glucose is main carb used by body cells to make ATP; excess glucose is stored as glycogen (polysaccharide) or fat

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9
Q

ADD CARB EXCESS AND DEFICIT

A

L

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10
Q

Lipids

A

organic compound containing C, H, and O; much more carbon than O

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11
Q

Dietary Sources of Lipids

A

dervied from plants and animals; triglycerides (neutral fats and #1 dietary lipid), satruated, transfat, and unsaturated, cholestorl

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12
Q

Saturated Fats

A

single bonds with H; found in coconut, animal products (meat, lard, butter, dairy) and hydrogenated oil

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13
Q

TransFats

A

take a unsaturated fat and make it saturated; such as margarine so it stays solid at room temp

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14
Q

Unsaturated Fats

A

carbon carbon double bond; more healthy; found in seeds, nuts, olive and vegetable oil

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15
Q

What two fatty acids are essential?

A

linoleic (omega 6 fatty acid) and linolenic (omega 3 fatty acid); cannot be synthesized by liver

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16
Q

Cholesterol

A

found in shell fish, egg yolk, meat (especially organ meat) and milk products; liver produces 85% of blood cholesterol regardless of intake

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17
Q

Uses of Lipids in the Body

A

adipose, phospholipids, cholesterol, triglercerids, prostaglandins and fats needed to absorb fat soluble vitamins

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18
Q

Adipose

A

cushions internal organs; forms insulating layer beneath skin; concentrated sourcce of energy

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19
Q

Phospholipids

A

components of cell membranes and myalin sheaths

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20
Q

Cholesterol

A

stabilizes cell membrane; precursor of bile salts and steroid hormones

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21
Q

Triglycerids

A

main energy source for skeletal uscles and hepatocytes

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22
Q

Prostagalndins

A

play a role in control of blood pressure

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23
Q

Dietary Source of Proteins

A

animal proteins (complete proteins); adults must consume 8 essential amino acids; infants must consume 10 essential amino acids;

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24
Q

Structural Material of Proteins

A

keratin, collagen, elastin, actin, and myosin

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25
Q

Functional Proteins

A

enzymes and some hormones

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26
Q

Protein oxidized for ATP when…

A

if aminoacid needed to make a specific protein are missing (all or nothing rule); insufficient dietary carbohydrate or fat is ingested

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27
Q

The body is in nitrogen balance when…

A

the amount of protein ingested = the amount of protein lost in urine and feces

28
Q

Positive Nitrogen Balance

A

occurs when amount of protein incorporated into tissues is greater amoiunt of protein used for energy (children, pregnancy, and following injury/repair)

29
Q

Negative Nitrogen Balance

A

occue when protein breakdown for production of ATP exceeds amount of protein incorporated into tissues ; physical/emotional stress, poor quality dietary protein or starvation

30
Q

Vitamins

A

organic compounds needed in minute amounts; most function as coenzymes (helpers) ; ALL must be ingested except vit D (in skin) and some Vit b and K synthesized by intestinal bacteria

31
Q

Water Soluble Vitamins

A

B and C; absorbed with water from GI tract (except b12); excess secreted in urine

32
Q

Vit B1

A

deficiency causes beriberi (nerve disorder)

33
Q

Vit B3

A

niacin; extreme excess can cause liver damage

34
Q

Vit B9

A

folic acid; deficit = anemia and birth defects

35
Q

Vit B12

A

maturation of RBC; deficit = anemia and NS disorder

36
Q

Vit C

A

collagen synthesis, antioxidant; deficit = scurvy (degeneration of skin, teeth, blood vessels); excess - GI upset

37
Q

Fat Soluble Vitamins

A

A, D, E, and K; absorbed with fat from GI tract; excess A, D and E sotred in body (may cause toxicity)

38
Q

Vit A

A

visual pigments; deficit = blindness; extreme excess- headache, vomiting, hair loss, blurred vision

39
Q

Vit D

A

absorption and use of calcium and phorphorus; deficit= rickets in kids; excess = brain, cardiovascular and kidney damage

40
Q

Vit E

A

antioxidant

41
Q

Vit K

A

blood clotting; deficit = defective blood clotting

42
Q

Minerals

A

inorganic compounds; 7 needed in moderate amts; Ca, P, S, K, Cl, Na, Mg; greater than 200 mg per day

43
Q

10 Trace Minerals

A

such as iron, flurine, zinc, iodine

44
Q

Iron

A

component of hemoglobin

45
Q

Fluorine

A

deficit = higher frequency of tooth decay

46
Q

Zinc

A

deficit = impaired immunity

47
Q

Iodine

A

thyroid hormones; deficity = goiter

48
Q

Metabolism

A

all biochemical rxns within cells

49
Q

Anabolism

A

use energy to build lg molecules from smaller ones

50
Q

Catabolism

A

release energy when lg molecules broken down into smaller ones

51
Q

What cells can get the full 32 ATP per glucose?

A

cardiac, liver, and kidney

52
Q

Substrate Level Phosporylation

A

transferring phosphorus to ADP to make ATP

53
Q

Oxidative Phosphrylation

A

proton gradient and ATP synthase which uses that gradient to go from ADP to ATP

54
Q

Glycogenesis

A

occurs in response to high blood glucose levels; glucose is removed from blood and combined to form glycogen

55
Q

Glycogenolysis

A

opposit of glycogeneiss; occurs in response to low blood glucose levels; glycogen is dydrolyzed to glucose monosaccharides and released to blood stream

56
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

forming glucose from lipids and proteins; occurs when glycogen stores are low an dblood glucose levels begin to drop; liver cells synthesize glucose from noncarbohydrate molecules; ensures neurons and RBC have sufficient glucose to make ATP bc they can only use glucose

57
Q

Lipid Metabolism

A

triglycerides are only lipids that are routinely catabolized to yield energy; 3 processes- beta oxidation, lipolysy, and lipogenesis

58
Q

Lipolysis

A

occurs when glycogen stores are low and blood glucose begins to drop; if carbohydrate too low intermediate citric acid cycle converted to glucose (for neurons and RBC) and acytl coa accumulates and the excess is converted to ketones via ketogenesis

59
Q

Beta Oxidation

A

fatty acid chains broken apart and converted to acetyl coa; also leads to ketogenesis which leads to ketones

60
Q

Lipogenesis

A

glycerol and fatty acids recombined to form triglycerides and stored; occurs when cellular ATP and glucose leels are high (glycerol and fatty acids not needed to make ATP)

61
Q

Protein Metabolism

A

proteins can not be stored; excess amino acids are oxidized to generate ATP or stored as fats; 3 processes- transamination, oxidative deamination, and protein synthesis

62
Q

Transamination

A

occurs in liver; amino group is switched from amino acid to keto acidO

63
Q

Oxidative Deamination

A

amine group of glutamic acid is removed as ammonia and combined with co2 to form urea; occurs in liver

64
Q

What are the two metabolic states?

A

absorptive and postabsorptive state

65
Q

Absorptive State

A

when you are fed state; occurs are meal; anabolism exceeds catabolism; major energy fuel is dietary glucose; excess nutrients stored as glycogen and fat; events controlled primarily by insulin

66
Q

Postabsorptive State

A

fasting state; occurs when GI tract is empty; catabolism exceeds anabolism; glucose made available to blood by glycogenolysis, lipolysis, and gluconeogenesis; during prolonged fasting, brain begins metabolizing ketone bodies; events controlled primarily by glucagon

67
Q
A

A&P 2 (12 decks)

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