Holding procedures Flashcards
What are 4 reasons an a/c might have to hold?
- Traffic management
- Weather
- Pilot request
- Emergency
What is a holding fix?
A geographical location that serves as a reference for a holding procedure.
What is a holding procedure?
A predetermined manoeuvre which keeps an aircraft within a specified airspace while awaiting further clearance.
Where are published holds typically located?
- Overhead VOR, VOR/DME and NDBs
- A defined distance on a VOR radial
- An intersection of a VOR radial and NDB bearing
What are the 4 stages of a hold?
- Fix end
- Outbound
- Outbound end
- Inbound
What is the rate of turn in a hold?
Bank angle of 25 degrees or 3 degrees per second
How long does it take to complete one leg of a hold?
1.5 mins above FL140
1 mins FL140 or below
What is an extended hold?
The hold leg can be extended from 1-2 min to reduce work load for a pilot holding for a long time.
What is the obstacle clearance height for holds?
1000ft or 2000ft over high terrain (This includes a 5nm buffer zone.)
What 5 factors affect the hold?
- Speed
- Level
- Nav aids
- Turbulence
- Wind
What’s the holding speed above FL 340+?
Normal M0.83 Turbulence M0.83
What’s the holding speed at FL 200 - 340?
Normal 265 Knots Turbulence 280 Knots
What’s the holding speed at FL 140 - 200?
Normal 240 Knots Turbulence 280 Knots
What’s the holding speed below FL 140?
Normal 230 Knots Turbulence 280 Knots
What’s the normal speed for airways holding?
280 Knots
What are expected approach times?
The time at which ATC expects that an arriving aircraft, following a delay, will leave the holding fix for its approach.
What is a VRP?
A visual reference point, used to assist ATC in routeing VFR traffic. Usually visual landmark. ATCOs should not instruct a/c to hold over VRP outside controlled airspace.
