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Histotechniques Flashcards

1
Q

Predominant cell type of the epidermis

A

Keratinocytes

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2
Q

“-itis” means

A

Inflammation

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3
Q

Vascular and EXUDATIVE; infiltration by the PMNs/neutrophils; INCREASED VASCULAR PERMEABILITY

A

Acute inflammation

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4
Q

Vascular and FIBROBLASTIC; infiltration by the MONONUCLEAR CELLS; granuloma formation

A

Chronic inflammation

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5
Q

These are measurable indications of PHYSICAL OBSERVATION (e.g. fever, rashes, swelling)

A

Signs

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6
Q

These are indicators as DESCRIBED BY THE PATIENT (e.g. headache, aches, fatigues, nausea)

A

Symptoms

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7
Q

_____ wounds include lacerations, abrasions, punctures, incisions, and avulsions

A

Open

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8
Q

_____ wounds include contusions, blisters, seroma, HEMATOMA, and crush injuries

A

Closed

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9
Q

BENIGN tumor of epithelial origin

A

Papilloma

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10
Q

MALIGNANT tumor of epithelial origin

A

Carcinoma

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11
Q

Form of necrosis seen in TUBERCULOSIS and is characterized by a CHEESY APPEARANCE

A

Caseous

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12
Q

Liquefaction (colliquative) necrosis is associated with what organ

A

Brain and spinal cord

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13
Q

Mortality refers to

A

Death

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14
Q

Purpose of autopsy

A

To know the cause of death

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15
Q

of physicians involved to declare that a person is already dead

A

2

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16
Q

1st and most critical step in histotechnology

A

Fixation

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17
Q

Ideal pH of fixative

A

Neutral (6.0 - 8.0)

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18
Q

Ideal osmolality of fixative

A

Slightly hypertonic (400 - 450 mOsm)

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19
Q

Ratio of FIXATIVE to TISSUE volume

A

20:1

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20
Q

Fixation is _____ by INCREASED size and thickness of tissues, presence of mucus, fat or blood, and cold temperature

A

Retarded

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21
Q

Fixation is _____ by DECREASED size and thickness of tissues, and agitation

A

Enhanced

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22
Q

__________ ACCELERATES fixation but hastens autolysis

A

Moderate heat (37-56C)

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23
Q

It works as a physical agent to increase the movement of molecules and ACCELERATE fixation

A

Microwave

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24
Q

Also used to ACCELERATE staining, decalcification, immunohistochemistry and electron microspcopy

A

Microwave

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25
Q

Chief advantage of microwave fixation

A

Tissue is heated right through the block in a very short period of time

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26
Q

900 mL water; 100 mL 37% formaldehyde, 3.5g monobasic sodium phosphate, 6.5g sodium phosphate dibasic

A

10% NBF formula

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27
Q

Commercial formalin is buffered with phosphate at a pH of

A

7.0

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28
Q

What is done to prevent formation of hematin when using formalin as a fixative

A

Add buffer

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29
Q

Both microanatomical and cytoplasmic fixative

A

Helly’s fluid

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30
Q

Placing a fixed tissue in another fixative is called

A

Post-mordanting

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31
Q

Grossly NORMAL lungs when placed in a solution will

A

Float

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32
Q

Step done before decalcification

A

Fixation

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33
Q

When should decalcification be perfomed

A

After fixation and before impregnation

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34
Q

Ratio of DECALCIFYING AGENT to TISSUE volume

A

20:1

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35
Q

Decalcifying agent that contains hydrochloric acid

A

Von Ebner’s

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36
Q

The most common and fastest decalcifying agent used

A

Nitric acid

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37
Q

Best way to detect the extent of decalcification

A

X-ray method

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38
Q

Ratio of DEHYDRATING AGENT to TISSUE volume

A

10:1

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39
Q

What is the grading of alcohol during tissue dehydration

A

Increasing

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40
Q

Dehydration starts by placing the fixed specimen in what % alcohol

A

70%

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41
Q

Last concentration of alcohol used in tissue dehydration

A

100%

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42
Q

Clearing is also known as

A

Dealcoholization

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43
Q

Property of a clearing agent in order to combine with dehydrating agent and paraffin wax

A

Miscibility

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44
Q

Cheap, most rapid, simplest, and most commonly used CLEARING AGENT

A

Xylene

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45
Q

Substitute for xylene and benzene

A

Toluene

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46
Q

Clearing agent recommended for CNS, smooth muscles and skin

A

Cedarwood oil

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47
Q

Xylene turns milky, what is the cause

A

Incomplete dehydration

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48
Q

Picric acid, sodium azide, silver salts and DIOXANE are _____ materials

A

Explosive

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49
Q

Most commonly used EMBEDDING MEDIUM

A

Paraffin wax

50
Q

___ degrees of wax is normally used for routine work

51
Q

Paraffin wax should be miscible with

A

Xylene (clearing agent)

52
Q

Water present in paraffin wax can be removed by

A

Heating wax at 100-105C

53
Q

Gives the fastest result for paraffin wax impregnation

A

Vacuum embedding medium

54
Q

In double embedding, tissue is 1st infiltrated with _____, then embedded with _____

A

Infiltration = Celloidin
Embedding = Paraffin

55
Q

Gilson’s mixture is used in what embedding technique

A

Dry celloidin

56
Q

Paraffin, paraffin substitutes, gelatin, celloidin, and plastic are used for

A

Infiltration and embedding

57
Q

Autotechnician can perform

A

Fixation
Dehydration
Clearing
Infiltration

58
Q

Last container of the automatic tissue processor contains

A

Liquid paraffin

59
Q

Involves treating tissue with HEAT AND XYLENE prior to staining after sectioning

A

Deparaffinization

60
Q

Purpose of the BLACK COAT on the inner surface of the floatation water bath

A

To see folds or creases in sections

61
Q

What step in tissue processing is affected if ORIENTATION of specimen is placed in INCORRECTLY

62
Q

Who invented the microtome

A

Wilhelm His Sr.

63
Q

Sliding microtome was invented by _____ (1789) and further developed by _____

A

Adams, Alexander Cummings

64
Q

Invented the rocking (Cambridge) microtome (1881)

A

Paldwell Trefall

65
Q

Invented the rotary microtome (1885-1886)

66
Q

Invented the freezing microtome (1848)

67
Q

3 main parts of microtome

A

Block holder
Knife carrier and knife
Pawl, Ratchet Feed Wheel and Adjustment Screws

68
Q

Simplest microtome

A

Rocking (Cambridge)

69
Q

Microtome incorporated in the cryostat machine

A

Rotary (Minot)

70
Q

Bevel angle

A

27-32 degrees

71
Q

Clearance angle (knife to tissue block)

A

0-15 (5-10) degrees

72
Q

Knife recommended for cutting paraffin-embedded sections on rotary microtome

A

Biconcave knife

73
Q

Removal of gross NICKS (heel to toe, edge first)

74
Q

Honing stones include

A

Belgium Yellow
Arkansas
Carborundum (fine)

75
Q

Cover hone surface with thin film of SOAPY WATER for what purpose

A

Lubrication

76
Q

Removal of gross BURRS (toe to heel, edge last)

77
Q

Stropping uses PADDLE STROP made up of

A

Horse leather

78
Q

Tissue brittleness can be cause by prolonged

A

Fixation
Dehydration
Clearing
Infiltration

79
Q

Incomplete _____ will make the tissue opaque and difficult to cut due to the presence of alcohol

80
Q

Staining method in which tissue is first OVERSTAINED, then the excess stain is removed

A

Regressive staining

81
Q

Routine H & E stain uses what staining method

A

Regressive staining

82
Q

Process where action of the dye is INTENSIFIED by ANOTHER AGENT

A

Indirect staining

83
Q

Serves as a link/bridge between tissue and the dye

84
Q

Renders the dye INSOLUBLE in aqueous and alcoholic solvents

85
Q

POTASSIUM ALUM in Ehrlich’s hematoxylin and IRON in Weigert’s hematoxylin are example of

86
Q

Tap water in routine staining is used for

A

Alkalinization

87
Q

Scott’s tap water is employed as

A

Blueing agent

88
Q

The oldest of all stain

89
Q

Nuclear counterstains

A

Neutral red
Safranin O
Carmine
Hematoxylin

90
Q

Derived from heartwood of a MEXICAN TREE known as H. campechianum

A

Hematoxylin

91
Q

Color of nucleus using hematoxylin stain

A

Blue-purple

92
Q

Stain for mitochondria

A

Janus Green

93
Q

Stain for neuroglia

A

Victoria blue

94
Q

A good mounting medium should have a refractive index similar to that of

A

Glass (1.518)

95
Q

Component of aqueous mounting medium that INCREASES refractive index

96
Q

Purpose of poly-L-lysine

97
Q

Process of sealing the margins of the coverslip

98
Q

Important slide is broken and replacement is unavailable. What to do

A

Transfer section (if still intact) to another slide

99
Q

Source of MONOCLONAL antibody

A

Mouse/mice

100
Q

Source of POLYCLONAL antibody for immunohistochemical tecniques

101
Q

Other sources of polyclonal antibodies

A

Goat, pig, sheep, horse, guinea pig

102
Q

Involves using of microwave and boiling the slides in a citric acid solution

A

Microwave antigen retrieval

103
Q

Uses of microwave processing

A

Special staining
Immunohistochemistry
Rapid embedding
Antigen retrieval

104
Q

It consists of cellular material which has been transferred from 1 smear to another, usually during staining

105
Q

Floaters may lead to a false-_____ evaluation if possible “floaters” adhere to negative smear (misdiagnosis)

A

False-positive

106
Q

In CYTOSPIN slide preparation, the specimen is centrifuged at ___ RPM for ___ minute (s)

A

1000 RPM for 1 minute

107
Q

Best type of fixative for exfoliative cytology

A

Equal parts of ethanol and ether

108
Q

Most commonly used FIXATIVE for EXFOLIATIVE CYTOLOGY

A

95% ethyl alcohol

109
Q

Fixative used for ALL TYPES of effusion if smears cannot be made immediately

A

50% alcohol

110
Q

Still the method of choice for EXFOLIATIVE CYTOLOGY

A

Papanicolaou smear

111
Q

Pap stain is composed of ___ nuclear stain (s) and ___ cytoplasmic stain (s)

A

Nuclear stain = 1
Cytoplasmic stain = 2

112
Q

Components of the PAP STAIN

A

Hematoxylin
OG-6
EA-50

113
Q

First counterstain used in Pap stain

114
Q

Second counterstain used in Pap stain

115
Q

In OG-6, phosphotungstic acid is added to serve as

116
Q

Advantage of liquid-based cytology

A

Cleaner background

117
Q

Specimens for vaginal hormonal cytology are best collected from

A

Upper lateral 3rd of vaginal wall

118
Q

It is a PALM LEAF-LIKE PATTERN seen in dried endocervical smear

A

Cytology ferning

119
Q

What does a specimen labeled with BAL/BW indicate

A

Respiratory tract specimen

120
Q

Number of chromosomal pairs

121
Q

The MOST SENSITIVE fat stain known is

A

Sudan Black B

122
Q

Pathology blocks and slides should be stored for how long

Hubble Notes (13 decks)

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