History: Germany: Topic 8 Flashcards
anti-semitism (1933-1939)
what were the historic reasons behind anti-semitism?
- medieval practices had affected eastern and Central Europe - making jews seen as outcasts.
2- jews seen as scapegoat for Germany after WW1 (stab in the back legend)
What was VOLKISCH?
racial parties. (in 1920’s grown to 70 rightwing splinter parties - DNVP)
what does Noakes say about anti-semitism?
‘antisemitism was particularly strong entrenched with in the academic community, thereby influencing the next generation.’
why was Germany afraid of jews?
1- cultural food (suspicious)
2- good jobs - many bankers - blamed jews for Weimar’s economic problems
3- relative wealth (1% of jews in Germany but they were 10% of Doctors and 17% of lawyers)
what was GRADUALISM?
the moving from something slowly
1933
1/2 million jews living in Germany
what was HERRENVOLK?
the master race theory.
what was UNTERMENSCHEN?
a sub-human group - a minority.
when did harassment of jews begin?
1933
what was ‘Der sturmer’?
the striker
what was ‘Der angriff’?
an antisemitic newspaper ran by Goebbels.
what was ‘pogroms’?
ATTACKS
what was ‘JUDEN ROUS’?
jews out.
7th April 1933
the law for the restoration of a professional civil service.
1st April 1933
economic boycott -of jewish businesses, 1 day.
1st April 1933
economic boycott -of jewish businesses, 1 day.
11th April 1933
jews banned from legal professions
22nd April 1933
jewish doctors banned
25th April 1933
jewish students limited to 5% in universities and schools
September 1933
jewish farmers forbidden to inherit land
1933
jewish kids banned from school.
spring 1934
in Franconia, 35 jews injured.
20th jan 1942
Wannasee conference begins
what was discusses at the Wannasee conference?
how the nazis will carry out the total annihilation of jews in Europe (added up total jews in Europe)
what was operation Reinhard?
(1942)
the establishment of three further death camps - belzec, sobibor and treblinka.
may 1935
jews forbidden to join German army
1935
nuremberg laws
what was in the Nuremberg laws?
1- reich citizenship act- lost the right to vote, no longer citizens
2- law for the protection of German blood and German honour - marriage between Germans and jews prohibited
3- jews not allowed to hire germans as servants
what else did jews experience?
1- jews forced to travel in different sections of trains
1936
Olympic Games were held in Germany so hitler wanted to avoid international criticism so things were relaxed
1938
hitler took over Austria and antisemitism began there too.
march 1938
Anschluss with Austria brought 200,000 more jews into Germany
1938
reich central office for jewish emigration was set up - within the first 6 months it forced 45,000 jews to leave Austria.
April 1938
decree for the registration of jewish property.
august 1938
male jews- ‘Isreal’
female jews- ‘Sarah’
BOTH ADDED TO THEIR NAMES
October 1938
jewish passports stamped with a J
7th November 1938
polish jewish youth shot a German in Paris, in response to 120,000 jews being expelled from Germany in October 1938 (including his family)
9/10th November 1938
KRISTALLNACHT - night of broken glass
who was the jew and the German in Paris?
german - ernst von rath
jew - Hersch grynszpan
what were the results of kristnallnacht?
91 jews killed
20,000 jews arrested
2,000 murdered in camps
191 synagogues destroyed
7,000 jewish businesses destroyed
12 November 1938
goering charged jews with 1 billion RM worth of damage and 6 million marks were paid by insurance
jewish business men forced to sell their businesses to aryan germans at low prices.
jan 1939
hitlers speech ‘the destruction of the jewish race in europe’
FEB 1939
reich central office for emigration set up in Berlin.
by 1939
280,000 of the 500,000 jews had emigrated.
summer 1940
madagascar plan
1941
jews had to wear the star of avidin order to identify them as jewish.
sept 1941
babi yar attack in Kiev - 34,000 killed
who was Julius stretcher?
he wrote ‘der stormer’ which was sexually explicit nazi propaganda
who was eichmann?
set up the central office for emigration in 1939
who was heydrich?
-organised einsatzgruppen killings
- gave orders for mass deportation to death camps
who was himmler?
-head of SS
-reich commissar for the strengthening of the German race-orders deportation of jews in Poland.
which was the largest ghetto?
Warsaw - 500,000
how many jews were killed at auschwitz?
2/3 (6 million)
what were death marches?
remaining prisoners sent to walk through snow - with the intention to walk to Berlin on foot.
what were the results of death marches?
many died from starvation, cold and exhaustion.
when did the death marches begin?
jan 1945
