History: Germany: Topic 7 Flashcards
CULTURE IN THE THIRD REICH
who was Goebbels?
1- president of the reich chamber of culture (set up 22nd sept 1933)
2- propaganda minister (RMVP - 13th march 1933)
what was VOLKGEMEINSCHAFT?
people’s community (chamber of culture)
what was GLEICHSCHALTUNG?
synchronisation” or “bringing into line”
why did hitler promote social decline?
to change 1930’s liberal art.
why did hitler maintain art throughout Germany?
he wanted to DEMOCROTISE art (allow everyone to interpret it) so he advertised simplistic pieces in which had no deeper meaning.
what were the key objectives of nazi art and culture?
1- art no longer intended for social criticism
2- art should be democratised for the masses
3- art should have clear, traditional, simplistic messages
4- art should be aesthetically pleasing and beautiful.
what were the 4 common tropes of art?
1- the healthy peasant
2- the brave warrior
3- the supreme athlete
4- the productive women
what was the ideology of VOLKGEMENSCHAFT?
1- militarism (war society)
2- nationalism
3- anti-semitism
4- 1,000 year old reich empire
5- masterace theory
6-traditionalism (gender roles)
how was art described before hitler was in power?
abstract, reflective, selective, modern.
what did all working artists have to do?
join members of the reich culture chamber
what was a MALVERBOT?
painting forbidden
1935
1941
120 art exhibitions in factories
1000 art exhibitions overall
1937
degenerate art exhibition
how did the nazis use the 1937 degenerate art museum?
1- bad lighting
2- bad smells being filtered through exhibition
3- crooked placement of the paintings
4- cold climate inside exhibition
5- graffiti on walls
ALL TO MANIPULATE GERMAN PEOPLE AND BRAINWASH THEIR MINDS NTO NOT ENJOYING OLD ART ANYMORE.
what was the first degenerate exhibition turn out like?
over 1 million views during the first 6 weeks.
1934
decree on all public buildings embellished by sculptures (conveying the nazi message)
who were hitlers favourite sculptures?
1- ARNO BREKER - ‘THE PARTY’
2- JOSEF THORAK - ‘COMRADESHIP’ and ‘THE AUTOBAHN WORKER’
may 1933
20,000 book burning in Berlin.
what happened to writers?
-some went into exile
-some were imprisoned
-some stayed but were forbidden to publish
how many copies of mein kampf were sold?
6 million
what happened to playwrights/ producers?
-some emigrated
-some were banned
-some stopped producing
who controlled music?
the reich chamber of music (1933-1935)
what happened to musicians?
- some emigrated
- some removed
- some stopped publishing music
who were hitlers favourite musicians?
1- WAGNER
2- STRAUSS
3- BRUCKNER
how did hitler view architecture?
as ‘the word in stone’
which propaganda method did hitler view as the most important?
architecture - provided more permanency
how was architecture described under hitler?
germanic, neo-classical, monumental style.
what was created at nuremberg?
a permanent 30 square kilometre complex around nuremberg to hold half a million people.
SPEER
1905-1981 - the architect.
1933
1944
- 4,7000 daily newspapers (3% controlled by NSDAP
- 997 daily newspapers (82% controlled by NSDAP)
who was the press controlled by?
EHER VERLAG (nazi publishing house)
what did the RMVP do?
the ministry for enlightenment and propaganda - controlled editors and told them where to place their articles.
how much content did the nazi press agency supply?
50%
1933
editors law - all editors and journalist had to be accredited by goebbels
what was the malicious practise act?
now treason to spread fake news of rumours.
what was the VOLKSEMPFANGER?
peoples receiver (couldn’t pick up foreign broadcast - BBC)
how did Goebbels describe the radio?
’ the spiritual weapon of the totalitarian state’
1932-1939
the number of families with a people receiver rose froM 25% to 70%.
1925
radio controlled by reich radio company
what was the nazi office of propaganda?
produced all news broadcasts
by 1942
film companies completely state controlled
how many films were produced during the third reich?
over 1000
1934
triumph of the will - a record of the 1934 nuremberg rallies
when was the first official Nuremberg rally?
1927
how was Speer involved in the rallies?
designed and choreographed the rallies.
what was the ‘architecture of light’
put in place in order to maximise the effect of gatherings and speakers
what are examples of propaganda at rallies?
1- flags
2- uniforms
3- banners
4- icons (swastika)
what was the fuhrer cult?
the glorification of hitler and his fans viewing him and superhuman or heroic.
1935-1942
the number films quadrupled
what happened to films?
-american films banned
1940
JUD SUSS
1933
1939
1944
3%
69%
82%
why did the nazis control media?
to limit external influences and to limit political conversations/critique.
1935
estimated 56 million listeners to hikers speeches out of 70 million.
how were schools affected by propaganda?
the school curriculum was changed and subjects like history and maths were used to enhance nazism, new subjects were introduces (health biology and eugenics)
what was the nazis teachers league?
97% of the teaching force by 1937 - a teachers union.
what were examples of youth groups?
1- German young people (DJ)
2- Hitler youth (HJ)
3- Young maidens (JM)
4- League of German maidens (BDM)
what was der angriff?
the attack - newspaper agency
in what aspects of German society was indoctrination carried out?
1- youth movements
2- school
3- workplace
what was the response of German people from the film ‘the eternal jew’
repelled by the message conveyed, after this movie, nazis calmed down of the anti-semantic images conveyed.
what does LEE argue?
success of propaganda was limited as the nazis never really introduced anything new to Germany and only reinforced already presented ideas - success could only be examined by German peoples response to NEW ideas.
1932
hitler uses a aeroplane to travel around Germany for rallies - FUHRER OVER GERMANY -proved him to be modern
1942
film companies controlled by UFI.
