History: Germany: Topic 10 Flashcards
consequences of WW11 for German people
march 1938
nazi occupationof czechoslavakia
what was the policy of appeasement?
allowing Hitler to expand German territory.
1st September 1939
German forces attacked Poland
blitzkrieg
lightning war - tactics used by nazis
may 1940
French invasion
PHONEY WAR
by may 1940
nazis defeated Belgium, France and the Netherlands by may 1940
when did Germany firstly loose?
Battle of Britain between July-october 1940
22nd June 1941
German invasion of soviet union
how many nazi soldiers were forced to concentrate on the eastern front?
AROUND 80%
dec 1941
Japanese attack on pearl harbour
when was the start of Stalingrad battle?
august 1942
when was the failure of Stalingrad?
FEB 1943
how many were killed at Stalingrad?
1 million
when did goebbels announce total war?
18th February 1943
when did hitler commit suicide?
April 1945
when did Germany surrender?
may 1945
some failures;
1- failure of blitzkrieg tactics to win the east.
2- unpreparedness of German economy to fulfil a war
3-strategic bombinggs of German cities
4- labour shortages from war
winter 1941
campaign - donate furs to eastern front
what was the turnout of this propaganda campaign?
1.5 million furs donated
67 million garments donated
films as propaganda-
kolberg (jan 1945)
goebbels used 187,000 soldiers, 6000 horses and 10,000 uniforms made for the movie.
propaganda exhibition -
‘the soviet paradise’
1942
deception of jewish bolsheviks
when were ration cards first printed?
1937
oct 1939
food and clothes firstly rationed
1942
meat was reduced to 300g (from 500g)
how were jews prejudiced against with ration cards?
they were given less food than aryan people.
AUSTERITY meaning
the condition of living without unnecessary things and without comfort - established by 1942
how were German people encouraged to eat?
by trying exotic foods
1- aubergine
2- offal (organs)
3- artichokes
1939-1941
food consumption dropped by 25% between 1939 and 1941
winter 1939/1940
rationing coal, fuel and hot water.
soap and toilet roll was also
when were German children evacuated to the countrysides?
by 1940
what happened to the economy during rationing?
a black market economy and a bartering economy - food and goods were worth more.
1941
cigarettes and soap were rationed and increasingly difficult to find
1942
berlin parks were used at vegetable allotments
1943
berlin zoo was bombed and many people ate the animals
what were exchange centres?
swap non essential goods (clothes/furniture)
by 1945
rationing cards were no longer honoured
may 1942
COLONE BOMBING
killed 500
industrial production was back to normal within a fortnight
24 July - 2nd august 1943
HAMBERG RAID
40,000-50,000 dead
40,000 injured
61% homes detroyed
10% of cities industrial capacity was affected
by 1944
fear that gas was going to be used also.
13/14th February 1945
DRESDEN BOMBING
150,000 dead (roughly)
70% of buildings destroyed
35,000 missing
1933
reich association for air raid precautions formed
what were bunker mothers?
strong - nerved women put in shelters to calm others down during a raid.
by 1943
4.5 million people were homeless
goebbels
only of of nazi leadership to visit devastated cities.
what % of bombs fell on residential areas?
50%
what was the decree on enemies of the people?
looting after air raids was illegal and punishable by death.
may 1940
3.5 million less workers (due to war) than the previous year
1940
2 million foreign workers
1942
6.2 million foreign workers
1944
8 million foreign workers
what % of foreign workers were on germanys workforce?
21%
what was the hierarchy of nationality?
foreign workers from France and Belgium worked better than workers from slavic countries
august 1941
compulsory labour decree for all occupied territories
were were POW’s initially set to work?
on farms
quickly moved to munitions industry
what was the POW death rate like?
3 million / 5.7 million taken
who realised that workers were only productive if looked after?
SAUCKEL
jan 1943
women aged 17-45 who were childless were conscripted to work.
by 1944
women made up 41.5% of the work force
1939-1941
German expenditure doubled
todt organisation
notorious for using forced labour (POW’s and foreign workers)
how many forced labourers did todt organisation have?
1.4 million labourers
what which the todt organisation build>
1- Siegfried line
2- atlantic wall
1938-1940
1.75 million germans conscripted to work
dec 1941
fuhrer order
feb 1942
Speer appointed as todt successor - more successful in a war economy.
when was total war launched?
feb 1943
what were SPEERS results within his first 6 months;
1- ammunitions up 97%
2- tank production up 25%
3- total arms production up 59%
what were SPEERS main ideas?
1- all non- essential buisnesss closed
2- 3 working shifts a day
3- modern methods of mass production
