History: Germany: Topic 5 Flashcards
When did Hindenburg retire?
After germanys defeat in 1918
How long did a parliamentary government last?
1928-1930
How long did a presidential government last?
1930-1933
When was a dictatorship introduced?
1933
When was Muller chancellor?
1928- March 1930
What party was Muller?
SPD
When was Bruning chancellor?
March 1930 - May 1932
What party was Bruning?
ZP
When was Von Papen chancellor?
May 1932 - Nov 1932
What party was Von Papen?
ZP
When was Schleicher chancellor?
Nov 1932 - Jan 1933 (57 days)
What party was Schleicher apart of?
independent (not a politician)
how many elections were in 1932?
4
What was article 48 used for specifically in 1930?
sustain governments that were unable to get laws passed in the reichstag.
Nsdap % of vote in may 1924?
6%
Nsdap vote in sept 1930?
37%
Nsdap vote in nov 1930?
33%
what did bruning’s coalition disagree on?
unemployment relief (3% - 3.5%)
Who arguably caused unemployment to rise most significantly?
Bring
what was unemployment rate in 1932?
6 million
When did bruning ban the sa?
April 1932
Why did he ban the sa?
in an attempt to stop street fighting.
when did papen lift the ban on the sa?
June 1932
When did hitler demand to be chancellor?
august 1932- with 37% of the vote.
What did Papen want fort he army?
martial law - soon sacked after.
When did the reichstag drop a vote of no confidence on Papen?
September 1932 (only DNVP and DVP supported him).
What did schleicher persuade hindenburg to let him use?
new elections
When was hitler made chancellor?
11th jan 1934
Who was vice chancellor?
Von papen.
what was political intrigue?
secret conversations that were ongoing between Oskar, general, papen and hitler.
Why was Bruning unpopular?
he adopted a deflationary policy which included government expenditure cuts, civil service wage cuts and a tax increase.
What was the hoover moratorium?
a temporary legal suspension of debt repayment.
Why did Bruning have to resign?
his proposals for land reform ha upset the agrarian elite. he lost his office through a vote of no confidence.
Why did it take so long for hitler to be in government?
he refused to be in any position but the chancellor’s.
What were schleicher’s aims?
1 - gain support from elements of the political left (especially trade unions)
2 - split the nazis and attract a more socialist wing of the nazi party under Strasser by offering him the position of vice chancellor.
What was the downfalls of muller?
1 - failed to gain a consensus in his coalition (3 - 3.5%)
2 - persuades and fails at trying to get Hindenburg to let him use article 48
3- resigns 27th march 1930.
What were some achievements of muller?
1 - successfully got the young plan passed (reparations down 25%)
2- led the final working coalition (SPD, ZP, DVP, DNP,DNVP)
2- withstands from an attempt for his coalition to collapse by a national association who wanted a right wing government.
What was the downfalls of Bruing?
1- sept 1930; reichstag election increase in extremist parties
2- caused a massive rise in unemployment
3- relied on article 48 too much
4- nicknamed the ‘hunger chancellor’
5-planned to make massive cuts in government and a raise in taxes
6-real exports income fell due to his lower prices
7- had no majority in government
What were some achievements of Bruning?
1 - July 1930; drives troops out Ruhr
2- dec 1932; military parity
3- April 1932 banned SA
4- tried to use worsening economic conditions to get rid of reparations
5- survived in government after sept 1930 elections as people chanted ‘ anything but hitler’
6-programme of public works and economy improved.
What was the downfall of von papen?
1- his government did not contain members of the Reichstag
2- ran a ‘presidential government’
3- June 1932 - lived ban on SA
4- Papen agreed to Hitler’s call for ew elections.
5- wanted martial law
6- party morale had declined
7- failed to influence Hitler
8-sept 1932; only DVP and DNVP supported him in elections so a vote of no confidence was given.
What were some successes of von papen?
1- led a ‘cul-de-sac’
2- had aims of restoring national confidence by creating a more broadly based government
3- maintains Hindenburg’s loyalty after NSDAP growth in 1932
4- nov 1932 elections decreased nazi votes from 37% to 33%
What was the downfall of von schleicher?
1 - fails to convince Strasser to split from hitler and take on vice chancellor role.
2- 4th Jane 1933; oblivious to Papen’s political intrigue (secret conversations about getting Hitler into power)
What were some successes of von schleicher?
1 - tries something new and attempts to make a road based support.
What were some failures of Hindenburg?
1 - stays loyal to Papen for too long
2 - gives into his son Oskar and mades Hitler chancellor
3 - allows Bruning to use article 48
4- easily led by advisors
5- puts a non political leader in the position of chancellor (schleicher)
What does Fulbrook say about political intrigue?
“hitler did not need to seize power, the old elites simply opened the door and welcomed him in.”
What does Evans say about the depression?
“the nazi electoral breakthrough in 1930 and 1932 was above all due to the depression.”
What does Layton say about the depression?
“in the end, the impact of the world depression intensified the pressure that brought about weimar’s final crisis.”
What does McDonough say about nazi tactics and growth?
“the growth of support for the nazi party from 1930 onwards destabilised democracy more than any other single factor”
1928 Reichstag elections % vote?
2.8%
1930 Sept Reichstag election % vote?
18%
1932 March/April Presidential % vote?
37%
1932 July Reichstag election % vote?
37.4%
1932 Nov Reichstag election % vote?
33%
What does “rainbow coalition of the discontented” mean?
appealing to everyone of a minority
Kpd rise in votes between 1928 - 1932?
3 million - 5 million
Hitler slogans?
’ work and bread’
‘ a fair days wage for a fair days work’
‘smash communism’
Who was head of propaganda?
Josef Goebels (from 1930)
What was some propaganda that Hitler used?
1- plane over country to reach more cities to give speeches
2-carefully crafted speeches by Goebels
3- uniforms and flags
4- movies, radios, loudspeakers, posters
5- rallies in big populated arenas (football stadium)
5 reasons for nazi electoral breakthrough?
1- the middle class fear of communism
2- targeting agricultural vote
3- the promise of creating a ‘national community’
4- the promise of achieving’ work and bread’
5- Hitlers impact as a public speaker (personal magnetism)
What was the nazi appeal to urban workers?
1- the depression, workers sought improvement in economy
2- ‘work and bread’
3- 1930, 55% unemployed
4- ‘out last hope’ campaign
What was the nazi appeal to Women?
1- nazi commitment to traditional family values
2- personal magnetism (fuhren cult, cult of persona)
3-
What was the German word for middle class?
mittelstand
What was the nazi appeal to the middle-class?
1- scared of communism
2- communists won 100 seats in 1930 which scared business men, churches and land lords
3- hyperinflation and the impact on the economy
4- unemployment crisis with small buisnesses
4- the more financially disadvantaged
What was the nazi appeal to farmers?
1- 18,000 lost farms
2- nazi ‘rural’ programme which was ‘blood and soil’ campaign
3- nazis promised fair prices and a restriction on imported foreign goods
4- in 1933 elections, 52.4% were rural votes.
What was the nazi appeal to youth?
1- 1931, 61% support came from 18-30 year olds
2- activities for youth (hitler youth 1926)
3- depression, young people scared about future.
What was the nazi appeal to industrialists/ big buisnesses?
1- feared communism (liberty law campaign)
2- didn’t want socialism
3- helped the nazis look more respectable (also helped with funds for nazi campaigns)
What was the ‘furher cult’
portrayed hitler as germanys saviour ‘out last hope’
What does “Volksgemeninschaft” mean
people or national community
What was ‘peoples community’?
a society based on racist, anti-democracy and nationalist thought.
What location did propaganda tend to not affect German peoples view on nazis?
Berlin - tended to mistrust them
What groups did not support the nazis as much?
catholics (the church/religious people)
larger cities.
What was ‘mass suggestion’?
an enchantment spell that could compel multiple people to perform a course of action as chosen by the dictator.
What was used as a safe guard for the nazis in the cabinet?
only allowed nazis to be 3/12 seats.
what was the culture of violence?
using violence as a means for gaining more support, like using the SA as terror.
What was ‘peoples party’?
like how nazis campaigning was used to specifically apply to a certain section of society.
what was the ‘politics of anxiety’?
