HES 105 Midterm 2 Flashcards
Describe direct calorimetry. What does it measure and it is easy or complex to use.
Provides direct measure of energy transfer in joules or kcal. Very difficult.
Describe indirect calorimetry (AKA respirometry) is it easy or complex to use.
Measures both the rate of O2 consumption and the rate of CO2 production.
What is the percentage of inspired O2 from the earth
20.93%
What is the percentage of inspired CO2 from the earth
0.04%
What are the 5 steps of getting O2 out of the air and into the mitochondria
Ventilation, gas exchange(diffusion in blood) , gas transport (through circulation) , metabolism, mitochondria
How much O2 do we consume. (at rest and per day)
At rest, 250mL/ min and 500 L O2 per day.
V02 is influenced by the type of activity. Does O2 cost go up or down when larger muscles are recruited
O2 costs go up. They go up the most with whole body, then lower body, then upper body.
What systems does Vo2 reflect?
respiratory, cardiovascular, metabolic system plus nervous system and endocrine system.
What is Vo2
The difference between the amount of O2 that enters your body and the amount of O2 that leaves your body every minute.
What is VCO2
The difference between the amount of CO2 that leaves your body and the amount of CO2 that enters your body every minute.
What is Absolute VO2
Total amount of O2 consumed over time. Reported in mL/ min or L/ min. Good for determining total energy costs of activities that are NOT weight bearing.
What is relative VO2
Takes body mass into account. More appropriate for determining energy costs of activities that require moving ones own body weight. More appropriate for comparing people of different sizes.
What are the six exercise categories?
Static resistance, dymanic resistance, very short term high intensity training, short term light to moderate, long term moderat to heavy, incrememntal exercise to max
Is static resistance your aerobic or anaerobic system. What is the duration of it and what is an example of a static exercise
Static is your anaerobic system. Under OR 10 minutes. Wall sit.
Is dynamic resistance your aerobic or anaerobic system. What is an example
Anaerobic system. Push ups or bicep curls.
Is very short term high intensity training your aerobic or anaerobic system. How long is it for and what is an example
Anaerobic system. Under 3 mins and example is sprinting to the bus
Is very short term light to moderate your anaerobic or aerobic system, give an example, and how long does it last for
aerobic system. 3-15 mins and 15 minute walk across campus
Is long term moderate to heavy your anaerobic or aerobic system. What is the time frame and provide an example
Aerobic system. 15 min- 4 hours. Uphill hike with backpack.
Is incremental test to max anaerobic or aerobic. What is the time frame and provide an example.
Aerobic, 5-20 min. VO2 max test.
During static resistance, when does VO2 max mostly increase
VO2 mainly increases afterwards.
During dynamic resistance, when does VO2 increase
Increases during and after
During very short term high intensity when does VO2 increase
Increases during exercise and significantly elevated for longer recovery
During short term light to moderate exercise, when does VO2 increase
initial rise then plateau at appropriate steady state
during long term moderate to heavy, when does VO2 increase
initial rise, plateau at appropriate steady state then positive drift
during incremental exercise to max, what happens to VO2.
Rectinlinear rise, then plateau at maximum
What does RQ (respiratory quotient) compare
Compares O2 consumption and CO2 production at the cell
What is the RQ for lipids
0.70
What is the RQ for protein
0.81
what is the RQ for carbohydrates
1.0
What does RER compare
compares O2 consumption and CO2 production at the lung
Is VO2 a good indicator of cellular respiration
Very good indicator
Is VCO2 a good indicator of cellular respiration
Not always a great indicator
What does a drop in RER indicate
glycogen depletion and an increased reliance on lipids
When muscles are relaxed is Plung and Patm same or different
Plung=P atm
During inspiratory, is there more air in the Lungs or Atmosphere
Plung < Patm and air flows in
During expiration, is there more air in lungs or atmosphere
Plung > Patmosphere
What 2 muscles are working during normal inspiration
Diaphragm and external intercostals
What is minute ventilation
Total volume of air we inspire or expire every minute.
What is alveolar ventilation
amount of air that reaches the alveoli and can participate in gas exchange and this is what we actually care about.
What is anatomical dead space
air that never reaches the alveoli
Is it more energy efficient to increase tidal volume or breathing freqency
Better to increase tidal volume than breathing frequency
Does tidal volume or breathing frequency increase reduce Vd/Vt (the portion of breath that is wasted)
Tidal volume
3 ways VE increases with exercise
Immidiate increase, exponential increase, steady state
What does bronchodilation aid in
makes breathing easier
What is Hypoventilation (under ventilate) is there more CO2 or less and what does that do to pH
More CO2 which lowers Ph that causes it to be more acidic
What is hypervetilation (over ventilation) and what affects does it have on CO2
Lower CO2 whih causes a higher pH making it more basic.
What are the four domains
Extreme, severe, heavy, moderate
Which domains is steady state reached in and when is it attained
Not attainable in Extreme and Severe. During Heavy it is reached within 10-20 minutes and for moderate it is reached within 2-3 minutes.
How many minutes can u sustain each domain for
Extreme- under 2 minutes, Severe- several minutes,
Heavy- multiple hours,
Moderate- indefinitely
What contribution does the anaerobic system have on each domain
Extreme- significant contribution
Severe- substantial contribution
Heavy- obvious
Moderate- negligible
What is a fatigue mechanism for each domain
Extreme- accumulation of metabolites and central fatigue.
Severe-accumulation of metabolites and central fatigue.
Heavy- Glycogen depletion and central fatigue
Moderate-Central fatigue
What is Lt1 the boundary between
Boundary between moderate/ heavy exercise
What happens to lactate production in moderate intensity
La production increases with intensity, but La is consumed in the cell as quickly as it is made.
What happens during Lt1
Marks intensity where measurable anaeroboisis occurs. La increases above OR 1mmol/L abouve resting levels and occurs because rate of La production exeeds rate of La use by the cell
What happens during Lt2
marks point where anaerobic glycolysis is now happening so fast that La is getting produced faster than it can get cleared. H+ is getting produced faster than it can get buffered.
Benefit to training at moderate intensity
build base fitness
benefit to training at heavy intensity
get better at building H+
benefit to training at severe
Improve tolerance of H+ and feeling breathless
benefit to training at extreme intensity
Increase VO2 max
What happens during V1
Boundary between moderate and heavy. Marks intensity where H+ starts to spill into blood and buffering it produces non- metabolic CO2.
What happens during Vt2
marks intensity where rate of H + production exeeds the rate at which it can be buffered
