HES 105 Midterm 2

Question 1

Describe direct calorimetry. What does it measure and it is easy or complex to use.

Answer 1

Provides direct measure of energy transfer in joules or kcal. Very difficult.

Question 2

Describe indirect calorimetry (AKA respirometry) is it easy or complex to use.

Answer 2

Measures both the rate of O2 consumption and the rate of CO2 production.

Question 3

What is the percentage of inspired O2 from the earth

Answer 3

20.93%

Question 4

What is the percentage of inspired CO2 from the earth

Answer 4

0.04%

Question 5

What are the 5 steps of getting O2 out of the air and into the mitochondria

Answer 5

Ventilation, gas exchange(diffusion in blood) , gas transport (through circulation) , metabolism, mitochondria

Question 6

How much O2 do we consume. (at rest and per day)

Answer 6

At rest, 250mL/ min and 500 L O2 per day.

Question 7

V02 is influenced by the type of activity. Does O2 cost go up or down when larger muscles are recruited

Answer 7

O2 costs go up. They go up the most with whole body, then lower body, then upper body.

Question 8

What systems does Vo2 reflect?

Answer 8

respiratory, cardiovascular, metabolic system plus nervous system and endocrine system.

Question 9

What is Vo2

Answer 9

The difference between the amount of O2 that enters your body and the amount of O2 that leaves your body every minute.

Question 10

What is VCO2

Answer 10

The difference between the amount of CO2 that leaves your body and the amount of CO2 that enters your body every minute.

Question 11

What is Absolute VO2

Answer 11

Total amount of O2 consumed over time. Reported in mL/ min or L/ min. Good for determining total energy costs of activities that are NOT weight bearing.

Question 12

What is relative VO2

Answer 12

Takes body mass into account. More appropriate for determining energy costs of activities that require moving ones own body weight. More appropriate for comparing people of different sizes.

Question 13

What are the six exercise categories?

Answer 13

Static resistance, dymanic resistance, very short term high intensity training, short term light to moderate, long term moderat to heavy, incrememntal exercise to max

Question 14

Is static resistance your aerobic or anaerobic system. What is the duration of it and what is an example of a static exercise

Answer 14

Static is your anaerobic system. Under OR 10 minutes. Wall sit.

Question 15

Is dynamic resistance your aerobic or anaerobic system. What is an example

Answer 15

Anaerobic system. Push ups or bicep curls.

Question 16

Is very short term high intensity training your aerobic or anaerobic system. How long is it for and what is an example

Answer 16

Anaerobic system. Under 3 mins and example is sprinting to the bus

Question 17

Is very short term light to moderate your anaerobic or aerobic system, give an example, and how long does it last for

Answer 17

aerobic system. 3-15 mins and 15 minute walk across campus

Question 18

Is long term moderate to heavy your anaerobic or aerobic system. What is the time frame and provide an example

Answer 18

Aerobic system. 15 min- 4 hours. Uphill hike with backpack.

Question 19

Is incremental test to max anaerobic or aerobic. What is the time frame and provide an example.

Answer 19

Aerobic, 5-20 min. VO2 max test.

Question 20

During static resistance, when does VO2 max mostly increase

Answer 20

VO2 mainly increases afterwards.

Question 21

During dynamic resistance, when does VO2 increase

Answer 21

Increases during and after

Question 22

During very short term high intensity when does VO2 increase

Answer 22

Increases during exercise and significantly elevated for longer recovery

Question 23

During short term light to moderate exercise, when does VO2 increase

Answer 23

initial rise then plateau at appropriate steady state

Question 24

during long term moderate to heavy, when does VO2 increase

Answer 24

initial rise, plateau at appropriate steady state then positive drift

Question 25

during incremental exercise to max, what happens to VO2.

Answer 25

Rectinlinear rise, then plateau at maximum

Question 26

What does RQ (respiratory quotient) compare

Answer 26

Compares O2 consumption and CO2 production at the cell

Question 27

What is the RQ for lipids

Answer 27

0.70

Question 28

What is the RQ for protein

Answer 28

0.81

Question 29

what is the RQ for carbohydrates

Answer 29

1.0

Question 30

What does RER compare

Answer 30

compares O2 consumption and CO2 production at the lung

Question 31

Is VO2 a good indicator of cellular respiration

Answer 31

Very good indicator

Question 32

Is VCO2 a good indicator of cellular respiration

Answer 32

Not always a great indicator

Question 33

What does a drop in RER indicate

Answer 33

glycogen depletion and an increased reliance on lipids

Question 34

When muscles are relaxed is Plung and Patm same or different

Answer 34

Plung=P atm

Question 35

During inspiratory, is there more air in the Lungs or Atmosphere

Answer 35

Plung < Patm and air flows in

Question 36

During expiration, is there more air in lungs or atmosphere

Answer 36

Plung > Patmosphere

Question 37

What 2 muscles are working during normal inspiration

Answer 37

Diaphragm and external intercostals

Question 38

What is minute ventilation

Answer 38

Total volume of air we inspire or expire every minute.

Question 39

What is alveolar ventilation

Answer 39

amount of air that reaches the alveoli and can participate in gas exchange and this is what we actually care about.

Question 40

What is anatomical dead space

Answer 40

air that never reaches the alveoli

Question 41

Is it more energy efficient to increase tidal volume or breathing freqency

Answer 41

Better to increase tidal volume than breathing frequency

Question 42

Does tidal volume or breathing frequency increase reduce Vd/Vt (the portion of breath that is wasted)

Answer 42

Tidal volume

Question 43

3 ways VE increases with exercise

Answer 43

Immidiate increase, exponential increase, steady state

Question 44

What does bronchodilation aid in

Answer 44

makes breathing easier

Question 45

What is Hypoventilation (under ventilate) is there more CO2 or less and what does that do to pH

Answer 45

More CO2 which lowers Ph that causes it to be more acidic

Question 46

What is hypervetilation (over ventilation) and what affects does it have on CO2

Answer 46

Lower CO2 whih causes a higher pH making it more basic.

Question 47

What are the four domains

Answer 47

Extreme, severe, heavy, moderate

Question 48

Which domains is steady state reached in and when is it attained

Answer 48

Not attainable in Extreme and Severe. During Heavy it is reached within 10-20 minutes and for moderate it is reached within 2-3 minutes.

Question 49

How many minutes can u sustain each domain for

Answer 49

Extreme- under 2 minutes, Severe- several minutes, Heavy- multiple hours, Moderate- indefinitely

Question 50

What contribution does the anaerobic system have on each domain

Answer 50

Extreme- significant contribution Severe- substantial contribution Heavy- obvious Moderate- negligible

Question 51

What is a fatigue mechanism for each domain

Answer 51

Extreme- accumulation of metabolites and central fatigue. Severe-accumulation of metabolites and central fatigue. Heavy- Glycogen depletion and central fatigue Moderate-Central fatigue

Question 52

What is Lt1 the boundary between

Answer 52

Boundary between moderate/ heavy exercise

Question 53

What happens to lactate production in moderate intensity

Answer 53

La production increases with intensity, but La is consumed in the cell as quickly as it is made.

Question 54

What happens during Lt1

Answer 54

Marks intensity where measurable anaeroboisis occurs. La increases above OR 1mmol/L abouve resting levels and occurs because rate of La production exeeds rate of La use by the cell

Question 55

What happens during Lt2

Answer 55

marks point where anaerobic glycolysis is now happening so fast that La is getting produced faster than it can get cleared. H+ is getting produced faster than it can get buffered.

Question 56

Benefit to training at moderate intensity

Answer 56

build base fitness

Question 57

benefit to training at heavy intensity

Answer 57

get better at building H+

Question 58

benefit to training at severe

Answer 58

Improve tolerance of H+ and feeling breathless

Question 59

benefit to training at extreme intensity

Answer 59

Increase VO2 max

Question 60

What happens during V1

Answer 60

Boundary between moderate and heavy. Marks intensity where H+ starts to spill into blood and buffering it produces non- metabolic CO2.

Question 61

What happens during Vt2

Answer 61

marks intensity where rate of H + production exeeds the rate at which it can be buffered