hematology / immunology AP Flashcards
what are the 3 main functions of blood
transportation, regulation, defense
what is contained in the liquid portion of blood
plasma
what makes up the cellular portion of blood
erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes
what is the main function of erythrocytes
carry oxygen
what is the main function of thrombocytes
prevent leaks from damaged blood vessels
what are the 2 types of leukocytes
granular and agranular
what is responsible for the production of all blood cells
hematopoiesis
fetal production of blood cells occur primarily in what two organs
liver and spleen
where does blood cell production occur in neonates
red bone marrow
in older animals, where is most of the red bone marrow found
at the ends of long bones and flat bones
which of the leukocytes will you see the most of in the dog, cat, horse
neutrophil
what is the function of neutrophils
phagocytosis
in a neutrophilic action, the cytoplasmic granules secrete ____ into the vacuole of the microorganism
lysosomes
what are 2 reasons for eosinophilia
inflammatory response, parasites
what are the 3 types of lymphocytes
t cells, b cells, natural killer cells
what are the 4 functions of the lymphatic system
removal of excess tissue fluid, waste material transport, filtration of the lymph and protein transport
what does the lymph consist of
blood cells, nutrients, hormones
lymph from the digestive system is called
chyle
if there is an inadequate lymph drainage to an area, the interstitial fluid can build up causing
edema
what is the largest lymphoid organ in the body
spleen
the ___ is the most prominent lymphoid organ in young animals. it produces ___
thymus - t cells
___ prevent the spread of infection into the respiratory and digestive systems
tonsils
give an example of a first line defense external innate immunity
normal flora / skin
give an example of a first line defense of internal non specific immunity response
inflammation / lysozyme
which immune system is responsible for wound healing
nonspecific / innate
what do NK cells do
destroys tumor cells and tissue that have been invaded by viruses
what is the protein that is produced one a cell has been infected by a virus and inhibits the spread of that virus
interferon
what are some signs of nonspecific immunity
swelling, edema, redness, heat, mucus
___ are produced from a humoral immune response
immunoglobulins
____ are produced in a cell mediated immune response
lymphokines
what is IgM and what does it do
immunoglobulin - made when animal is exposed to antigen for the first time
what is associated with an elevated IgE
allergic response
antibodies that are produced by a mother and passed to the fetus transplacentally is an example of __ immunity
passive
___ is the antibody rich milk ingested in the first 24 hours after birth
colostrum
exposure to antigens that trigger an animals own immune response is known as ___ immunity
active
type 1 reaction
the most severe, antigens bind to IgE antibodies on basophils and mast cells
type 2 reaction
the animals own immune system is the cause of the disease rather than the cure
type 3 reaction
occurs when an antibody and an antigen bind and form an immune complex
type 4 reaction
caused by intracellular pathogens and are accompanied by inflammation
what immunoglobulin is made during the first exposure to an antigen
IgM
