GI ap Flashcards
what suspends the small intestine from the abdominal wall
mesentery
3 omnivores
humans, pigs, dogs
2 obligate carnivores
cats and ferrets
5 herbivores
horses, cows, goat, sheep, deer, rabbits
what is the site of hindgut fermentation
cecum
another name for chewing is ____
mastication
what is glycogenesis and where does it occur
synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate substances ; liver
2 species that cannot vomit
rabbits / horses
what prevents rabbits and horses from vomiting
tight cardiac sphincter
what is lipase and what does it do
enzyme in the small intestine that digests lipids
which species do not have a gallbladder
rabbits / horses
bile is made in the ____ by ____ and travels to the ____ (stored) via the ____
liver ; hepatic cells ; gallbladder ; hepatic ducts
where does the bile go in animals that do not have a gall bladder
directly into the small intestine
what is pepsin and what does it do
enzyme in the stomach that breaks down protein
what accessory organ produces coagulation factors
liver
what does bile help digest
high fat and peptide concentration
food leaves the stomach in a semi liquid form called
chyme
if there is an increased amount of bilirubin in the body the animal will become
jaundice
what is glycogenolysis and where does it occur
glycogen broken down to glucose when needed by the liver
excess glucose is stored in the ___ as ____
liver ; glycogen
what are the 3 sections of the small intestine (in order)
duodenum, jejunum, ileum
the longest portion of the small intestines is the ___ while the ____ is the shortest
jejunum ; duodenum
most enzymes have the suffix
-ase
what is amylase and what does it do
enzyme in saliva / small intestine that breaks down amylose / sugar, produced by the pancreas
the ____ controls most of the glands in the digestive system
autonomic nervous system
stimulation of the ____ increases salivation where the ____ decreases salivation
parasympathetic nervous system ; sympathetic nervous system
ruminants lack upper incisors and have what
dental pad
what are the compartments on the monogastric stomach
fundus, cardia, body, pyloric antrum, pylorus
what are rugae and where are they located
multiple long folds of the stomach mucosa, allow the stomach to expand and fill with food
what secretes hydrogen and chloride ions
parietal cells
the ___ is the true stomach of ruminants
abomasum
the ___ nervous system enhances digestions
parasympathetic
roughly how much water is the average animal made of
70%
define peristalsis
wavelike contractions along the entire GI tract that propels contents forward
what are segmental contractions
periodic circular muscle contractions that aid in mixing the contents and slowing down their movements
what is the dental formula for the adult cat
2 (I 3/3, C1/1, P3/2, M1/1)
dental formula for the dog
2 (I3/3, C1/1, P4/4, M2/3)
what prevents the stomach contents from leaving the stomach and returning to the esophagus
cardiac sphincter
where is the pyloric sphincter
caudal end of the stomach that meets with the duodenum
where does rumination take place in the ruminant stomach
rumen
what do the beat cells of the pancreas secrete
insulin
___ compose the brush border in the small intestine
microvilli
what do the alpha cells in the pancreas secrete
glucagon
what effect does sympathetic nerve stimulation have on digestion
inhibits digestion / slows digestion down
where is the esophagus in relation to the trachea
slightly to the left on the dorsal side
what are peyers patches composed of and what are their functions. Where are they located
aggregates of lymphoid tissue that protect an animal from disease / antibody production / filter fluid / small intestine / ileus
which endocrine hormone stimulates gastric motility. Which inhibits gastric empyting
gastrin ; cholecystokinin / CCK
most of the GI tract is composed of what type of muscle
smooth muscle
there must be protective mechanisms in the stomach as the pH can reach an acidity of
2.0
sodium bicarbonate is important in the GI tract as it can help buffer the acidity of the stomach.
true
