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Hematology > Hematology 1 > Flashcards

Hematology 1 Flashcards

1
Q

“HAIMA” means

A

Blood

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2
Q

“LOGOS” means

A

science/study

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3
Q

Specific gravity of blood

A

1.055 SG

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4
Q

Hematology

A

Study of blood forming units

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5
Q

Ph of the blood

A

7.35-7.45 (slightly alkaline)

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6
Q

Skin puncture

A

also known as you capillary puncture, or dermal puncture

  • use only when small quantities of blood is needed
  • preferred sample for newborn screening
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7
Q

Recommended depth skin puncture

A

infants: <2mm
adults: 2-2.5mm

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8
Q

When doing skin puncture:

A

-warming the puncture site (40-42C for 2 to 5 min) to increase blood flow by 7-FOLD and to ARTERIALIZE the sample

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9
Q

Order of draw for skin puncture

A
  • ——– BSLOR ——-
  • Blood gas analysis sample
  • slide smear
  • lavender micro-collection tube
  • other tubes with anticoagulant
  • serum collection tube
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10
Q

Puncture site:

A
  • INFANTS: median or lateral side of the plantar surface of the heel
  • ADULTS: palmar surface, distal portion of the 3rd or 4th finger of the non-dominant hand
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11
Q

what is the vein of choice when performing routine venipuncture?

A

median cubital vein,

  • it is also connects cephalic and basilic vein
  • less movement of your vein
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12
Q

Angle of the needle

A

15-30 angle

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13
Q

Tourniquet application

A

<1 minutes
and 3-4 inches above the venipuncture site

Note: if tourniquet is left on the arm for more than 2 minutes, expect to have H (hemolysis), H (hemoconcentration), dCT (decrease clotting time)

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14
Q

Standard needle length

A

1-1.5 inches

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15
Q

Standard needle gauge

A

21 gauge

NOTE: the bigger the number the smaller the bore

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16
Q

Complication of venipuncture

A
  • Ecchymosis: primary complication, leakage of SMALL amount of blood
  • Syncope: 2nd most common
  • Hematoma: Leakage of LARGE amount of blood that rapidly swells
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17
Q

order of draw for venipuncture

A

Yellow, Light blue, Red, Green , Lavender, Gray

  • Yellow- SPS/ACD, 8times
  • Light Blue- Sodium citrate, 1:9 ration, 3-4 times
  • Red- Glass or silica particles, 5 times
  • Green- heparin, 8 times

-lavender- k2(VERSENE)
k3 (SEQUESTRENE), 8 times

-Gray- potassium oxalate and sodium fluoride, 8 times

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18
Q

All blood cells are derived from a single progenitor stem cell (pluripotential stem cell) which carries your CD marker 34

A

Monophyletic Theory

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19
Q

Blood cells are derived from its own unique stem cell

A

Polyphyletic Theory

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20
Q

-chief site of hemopoiesis: YOLK SAC
-during 9 days of gestation the yolk sac would give rise to Primitive erythroblast
from the MESODERMAL CELLS

  • during this stage you will be able to find you HSCs, Fetal Hgb, Gower 1, Gower 2, portland
A

Mesoblastic Stage

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21
Q

chief site of hemopoiesis: LIVER

  • peak activity at the 3rd month of gestation
  • Spleen, thymus, and lymph node
A

Hepatic Stage

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22
Q

Chief site of hemopoiesis: BONE MARROW

-begins 5th month of gestation and continuous throughout life (hematopoiesis from the flat bones)

A

medullary Stage

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23
Q

Examples of your flat bone and THE MAIN SITE OF HEMATOPOIESIS

A
  • RIBS
  • VERTEBRA
  • STERNUM
  • SKULL
  • SHOULDER BLADES
  • PELVIS
  • PROXIMAL ENGD OF LONG BONES

note: Limited only to your red marrow
- and the only haematopoietically active site for adult hematopoiesis

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24
Q

marrow cellularity

A

-collecting bone marrow aspirate

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25
Q

more than 70%, incase of leukemia, Increase WBC, RBC

A

Hyperplastic

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26
Q

Hypoplastic

A

<30%
incases of your aplastic anemia
complete reduction of RBC and WBC

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27
Q

myeloid to erythroid ration

A

2-4:1 ratio

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28
Q

master regulatory hormone

A

Hepcidin

29
Q

Absorption of Iron happens in

A

Duodenum (site of maximal absorption, 1-2 mg)

if ever in cases you need more iron, it could extend to your JEJENUM

30
Q

iron is transported through

A

Transferrin

Note: if the transportation from the enterocyte to the circulation it is the FERROPORTIN

31
Q

Where is iron being utilized

A

Mitochondrial iron

32
Q

Store excess iron in a form of

A

FERRITIN (soluble) & HEMOSIDIRIN (Insoluble)

33
Q

What is the reference range of serum ferritin for men and women

A

15-200 ug/dl (men)
12-150 ug/dl (women)

-serum ferritin reveals the body’s tissue iron stores

34
Q

in cases where the patient should only have one test to determine if the patient is having iron deficiency anemia, what would be the best test ?

A

Serum Ferritin test

35
Q

indirectly measure the concentration of transferrin by measuring its ability to bind iron

A

Total Iron binding capacity

Reference range: 250-450ug/dl

36
Q

main component of the red blood cell

  • composed of 2 sets of 2 different polypeptide chains
  • 4 molecules of protoporphyrin IX
  • 4 iron atoms in its ferrous form
A

HEMOGLOBIN

37
Q

carries deoxygen from the lungs

A

oxyhemoglobin

38
Q
  • Oxygen that is already in our veins

- oxygen is given to the tissues

A

Deoxyhemoglobin

39
Q

hemoglobin which carries your carbon dioxide

A

Carboxyhemoglobin

40
Q

hemoglobin where the iron is oxidizes from the ferrous to the ferric stage

A

Methemoglobin

41
Q

Hemoglobin that is bound to anisole hydro compound

A

Sulfhemoglobin

mauve lavender color

42
Q

RBC metabolic pathways

A
  • Embden-Meyerhof
  • Hexose Monophosphate Shunt
  • Methemoglobin Reductase Pathway
  • Rapaport-Luebering Shunt
43
Q

Reference method for hemoglobin determination

A

Hemoglobinometry

44
Q

Turbidity of your solution can result to

A

False increase or your measurement

45
Q

Normal Value of your hemoglobin

A
  • Male: 14-18 g/dl

- Female: 12-15 g/dl

46
Q

Common hemoglobinopathies

A
  • Hemoglobin S: the 6glutamine is change to Valine
  • Hemoglobin C: 6Glu-Lys
  • Hemoglobin E: 26Glu- Lys
47
Q

Hemoglolbin S

A
  • 6Glu- Val
  • When it is OXYGENATED it is soluble
  • when it is DEOXYGENATED, the hb S would be POLYMERIZE and will form SICKLE CELLS
48
Q

Non-functional hemoglobins which carries the ferric ion of you hemoglobin

A
  • Hb M-Saskatoon
  • Hb M-milwaukee-1
  • Hb M-Milwaukee-2
49
Q

Hemoglobin Variants that has an INCREASE OXYGEN AFFININTY

A
  • Hb Hiroshima
  • Hb Rainer
  • Hb Bethesda
50
Q

Hemoglobin variants that has an DECREASE OXYGEN AFFINITY

A
  • Hb Agenogi
  • Hb Beth-Israel
  • Hb Yoshizuka
51
Q
  • we use cellulose acetate : pH 8.4-8.6

- primary screening procedure for variant hemoglobin

A

HEMOGLOBIN ELECTROPHORESIS

52
Q

Fastest Hemoglobin

A

Hemoglobin H, hemoglobin A1

53
Q

Slowest hemoglobin

A

Hb A2, Hb C, Hb E, Hb C harlem, Hb O arab

54
Q

Formation of RBC

A

Erythropoiesis

55
Q 
Morphologically
the Earliest recognizable erythroid precursor using light microscope 
-side: 14-20um
-nucleoli: present 1:2
-thin nuclear membrane 
-homogenous basophilic cytoplasm
A

Pronormoblast

56
Q

Size: 12-17 um

  • nucleoli: 0:1
  • cytoplasm appears more abundant than in pronormoblast
  • LAST stage with a nucleolus
A

Basophilic Normoblast

57
Q
  • Dawn of Hemoglobinization
  • LAST STAGE CAPABLE OF MITOSIS
  • basophilic to diffusely LILAC in color
  • size: 10-15
A

Polychromatic Normoblast

58
Q
  • Last stage with a nucleus
  • Salmon Pink cytoplasm
  • size: 7-12 um
  • pkynotic nucleus
A

Orthochromatic normoblast

59
Q

Last stage of Hemoglobin
-last immature erythrocyte stage
-Size: 7-10 um
Spends 2-3 days in the bone marrow and 1 day in the peripheral blood

A

Reticulocyte

60
Q
  • Size of 6-8um
  • Bioncave Disk
  • Average life span is 120 days
A

Mature erythrocyte

61
Q

RBC membrane is compose of

A

10% Carbohydrates
40%Lipids
50% proteins

62
Q

Span the entire thickness of the cell, carry the RBC Ag and attach the skeletal lattice to the membrane

A

Integral

63
Q

inner side of the membrane from a skeletal support6 of the membrane lipid bilayer

A

Peripheral

64
Q

Alpha and beta spectrin, fibrous polypeptide that forms loosely wound helix

A

Spectrin

65
Q

Fixes the spectrin meshwork to the membrane, connects to band 3

A

Ankyrin

66
Q

stabilizes the connection of ankyrin and anion exchanger protein

A

band 4.2

67
Q

links transmembrane protein to glycoprotein C

A

bands 4.1

68
Q

maintains the negative charge of the cell

A

Glycophorin A

Hematology (15 decks)

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