Helicobacter/Clostridia Flashcards by Nic Lauterbach

______ is associated with acute gastritis and duodenal ulcers in humans

Helicobacter pylori

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______ has been isolated from gastric mucosa of humans, cats dogs and pigs

Helicobacter heilmannii

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______ is a common cause of gastric ulcers in ferrets

Helicobacter mustelae

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______ , ______ , and ______ are from humans and may be clinically important assocaited with diarrhea

H. cinaedi
H. canis
H. fennelliae

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______ , ______ . and ______ isolated from the bilary tract of rodents and humans play a possible role in cholecystitis and cancer of the gall bladder

H. bilis
H. hepaticus
H. pullorum

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The ______ genome has been sequenced

Helicobacter pylori

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______ has been isolated from multpile cases of acute gastritis after gastric endoscopy

Helicobacter pylori

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______ generates ammonimum ions and CO2 that are responsible for much of the tissue damage in Helicobacter infections

Urease enzyme

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T/F Helicobacter organisms are highly antibiotic resistant

FALSE susceptible to a number of drugs

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T/F Clostridium are facultative anaerobes

FALSE- they are obligate anearobes

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What are the 2 broad types of clostridia?

Those that do not actively invade/multiply

Those that do invade and multiply in the tissue

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T/F Clostridia that actively invade tissue and multpily are also known as the gas gangrene group

True

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T/F C. botulinum is an example of a gas gangrene clostridia

False, it is a member of the other group

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______ and ______ are Clostridia that do not actively invade tissue/multiply rely solely on toxin production at localized sites or in vitro.

C. Tetani and C. botulinum

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What is the habitat of C. tetani?

soil, fecal material, readily found in horse and human feces

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T/F There are several serotypes of Clostridium tetani that are significantly important

FALSE only the toxin is of clinical significance

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______ is the toxin of C. tetani that is responsible for clinical disease

Tetanosporin

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Tetanosporin block ______ release specifically ______ and ______ at the level of the brainstem and spinal cord

neurotransmitter

glycine and gamma-aminobutyric acid

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What are the clinical signs associated with tetanosportin?

continuous spasms of opposing muscle groups- tentany

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T/F once the tetanus toxin binds to gangliosides it is easily reversible

FALSE it is almost irreversible and antibody is not effective once it is bound

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______ produces local necrosis and thereby stimulates the growth of C. tetani

Hemolysin

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______ binds to the nueromuscular junction but its function is unknown

Non-spasmogenic toxin

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Give a brief pathogensis of Clostridium tetani

organism/usually the spre form enters would/tissue w/ low oxygen tension

deep wounds usually innoculated w/ contmainating bacteria which cause necrosis in the surrounding tissues, reduce the O2 tension and allow growth/germination of C. tetani

Toxin Spreads along the peripheral nerves or hematogenous and through the lymph

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What is ascending tetanus?

Term form tetanus toxin affecting those nerves closest to the lesion

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What is descending tetanus?

when toxin spreads through the lymph- classic lock jaw nerves affected first are those that are most sensitive- horses and humans usually get this

______ use has led to an increase reports of tetanus in calves

elastrator band

______ is given to provide immediate passive immunity following and injury followed by or given simultaneously w/ the ______ to prevent tetanus

Antitoxin; toxoid

______ is a relatively rare cause of food poisoning in humans, domestic animals and waterfowl

Clostrium botulinum

______ was associated with an outbreak in CA w/ intravenous black tar heroin users

Clostridium botulinum

______ is relatively common form of botulinum in children

Toxico-infectious botulism OR | infant botulism

______ C. botulinum are soil saprophytes and are found in sea sediments, while ______ are obligate parasites of the intestinal tract of mammals and birds and are only found in soil as contaminants

A, B, E, F, G C and D

T/F ingestion of the organsim is the cause of botulinum in humans animals

FALSE ingestion of the preformed toxin is the cause of disease

______ can be produced in carcasses, improperly cured meats, and especially canned green beans

Clostridium botulinum

Infant botulism has been associated with______

Honey

What is the disease caused by Clostridium botulinum in horses known as? what causes it?

Forage poisoning, usually via ingestion of rabbit or other animal that is killed during mowing and baled in the hay

______ is usually a precurosos to Clostridium botulinum in cattle and sheep

Aphosphorosis

What is aphosphorosis?

Animal is deficient in phosphorus and chews bones, can ingest enough toxin to produce botulism- more prevalent in africa/texas areas where soil is deficient in phosphorus

______ can be isolated from mink and foxes that feed of OFFAL and fish

Clostridium botulinum

______ is a term used to describe clostridium botulinum n birds

Limberneck, ducks/aquatic birds that feed on the bottom of ponds- flaccid paralysis of the neck

T/F the botulinum toxin bust by cleaved in order to cause disease

FALSE the ORGANISM bust be lysed to release the toxin

Some botulinum toxins take the form of ______ and have to be partially digested with ______ to be activated

prototoxins; trypsin

T/F Toxin production in types C and D is phage mediated

True

T/F Most of the botulinum toxins are very heat stable

False; they are readily destroyed by boiling 3 min or heating to 80C for 5 minutes

Why might there be a recurring of Clostridum botulinum in a broiler house, how does it happen?

Chicken dies, carcass is buried, organism proliferates the carcass is rediscovered by the birds, ingested more die, buried etc

Outline the pathogensis of C. botulinum

Toxin absorbed in the blood/lymph carried to the peripheral nervous system, binds to the nueromuscular junction causes paralysis of the cholinergic nerve fibers by blocking the release of AcH causes a flaccid paralysis

T/F the more acute the onset of botulism clinical disease the higher the mortality rate

TRUE

Botulsim toxin ______ is the most acute and results in the highest mortality rate

Type E

______ and ______ are the most common botulinum toxins in the US cases

Type A and E

One has to have either the ______ specific for the type of toxin that produces disease or a ______ ______ to produce immunity against multiple toxins

toxoid polyvalent toxoid

T/F finding the organism in feed, intestines etc is a definitive diagnosis for Clostridum botulinum

FALSE; need to isolate the toxin, the organism is supportive to diagnosis but dz is caused by the toxin

______ ______ is available for human treatment of C. botulinum, response vaires with type of toxin

polyvalent antitoxin

______ is the caus eof gas gangrene, fatal toxemias and maliganant edema-like infections in sheep

Clostridium perfinges

What are the 4 types of toxins produced by C. perfinges? What is special about them?

alpha, beta, epsilon, iota, they are used to classify the 5 types of C. perfringes, they are proteins that act as enzymes

What other toxins do C. perferinges produce?

hyaluronidase, DNase, collagenase, proteinase

______ aka ______ is a spordaic casue of sisease in feeder lambs in Caand some western states

Type A; yellow lamb disease

______ produced in the small intestine and absorbed causes massive intravascular hemoylsis and capillary damge

Alpha toxin

______ has been recognized in recent years as major cause of enteric disease in young piglets,

Clostridium perfringes Type A

______ clinical disease can mimic mild E. coli infections and can have an effect on the rate of growth in piglets

Clostridium perfringes type A

______ is the a sporadic but highly fatal disease that effects adult cows

Hemorrhagic bowel syndrome (HBS)

______ is associated with necrotic enteritis in chickens, characterized by extensive necrosis of the small intestine

Clostridium perferinges Types A, B and C

______ has been reported from severe fatal enteritis in sheep recently ans are involved in clostridial enteritis in foals

Clostridium perfringes type A

T/F non-toxigenic strains are the most widespread type of C. perfringes

TRUE

______ is the cause of wound infections, gas gangrene in humans

Type A

T/F Clostridium Type A is easily prevented in piglets and dairy cattle

False, there have been some vaccines approved but they dont work real well apparently

______ causes lamb dysentery and hemorrhagic enteritis

Clostridium perfringes Type B

______ cases enterotoxemia in calves; hemorrhagic, necrotic eteritis in calevs and lambs, usualyl the most healthy and vigorous animals effected

CLostridium perferinges Type C

______ causes enterotoxemia in young piglets 1-5 days old, acute hemorrhagic enteritis w/ high mortality

Clostridium perferinges Type C

T/F immunization of sowa against Clostridium pre-farrowing is routine

True

______ is responsible for the clinical disease of C> perferinges type C in piglets

Beta toxin

Milk and clostrum contain ______ that prevents the inactivation of the beta toxin

Trypsin inhibitors (the toxin normally would be inactivated by trypsin otherwise)

______ causes enterotoxemia in sheep otherwise known as overeating disease or pulpy kidney disease, economically significant dz of feeder lambs; usually effecting the healthiest animals

Clostridium perferinges type D

______ is the principle toxin of Clostridium perferinges Type D

epsilon toxin- activated via cleavage by trypsin

______ this toxin has receptors in the fvascualr endothelium in the brain and produces liquefactive necrosis, edema and hemorrhage

epsilon toxin

______ is used to detect toxin genes

PCR

______ should be used routinely in lambs to protect against Clostridium

CDT tetanus toxoid

______ is the cause of black leg in cattle

Clostrium chauvoei

______ is the natural habitat of Clostridium chauvoei

exist in the soil as spores, very resistant

______ toxin of C. chauveoi is the lethal, necrotizing and hemolytic

Alpha Toxin

______ usually affects cattle 6 months to 2 years of age, usually fat, rapid growing animals, areas of balck, necrotic muscle w/ gas production and crepitation

Clostridium chauveoi

Pathogenesis of black leg

theory is that spores are present in the animal naturally they germinate when damage or injury to the tissue causes necrosis and anaerobic conditions

______ is most important from vaccination for C. chauvoei

protective antigen, it is against the organsim NOT the toxin

T/F penecillin is effective against C. chauvoei

True if given in early stages, locally and systemically

______ cause of malignant edema associated with wounds in humans and animals

Clostridium septicum

______ may be a secondary infection in black leg and other clostridial infections

Clostridum septicum

______ is cause of braxy in sheep, gastroenteritis of carnivores

Clostridium septicum

T/F there is no gas production by C. septicum

True

T/F C. septicum must be the dominant organism to be considered significant

True- it is a frequent postmortem invader

______ is involved in gas gangrene and enterotoxemia, frequently found in mixed infections in cattle, routinely included in "7 way" vaccines

Clostridium sordelli

______ is the cause of blacks disease

Clostridium novyi

T/F CLostridum novyi is more oxygen sensitive than other clostridia

True

______ produces big head in rams that fight and get head wounds, gas gangrene in man and animals

Clostridium novyi Type A

______ infectious necrotic hepatitis in sheep and occasionally cattle

Blacks disease- Clostridium novyi type B

What is the pathogenesis of Blacks disease

preferably affects best doing animals spores originate in teh intestine, migrate to liver, remian in dormant state in Kupffer cells Liver fluke mirgates through liver and creates favorable environment (necrosis) spores multiply and pdx toxin

______ is availble for treatment of outbreaks of C. novyi

hyperimmune serum

______ also known as C. novyi type D, causes bacilalry hemoglobinuria or Redwater disease of cattle, deer, elk and sometimes sheep

Clostridium hemolyticum

______ is the principle toxin of Redwater disease

Lecithinase C

______ is the characteristic lesion associated w/ Redwater disease

large infarct

______ is the cause of Tyzzer's disease which is primary problem in laboratory rodents, also a problem in wild muskrats

Clostridium pilliformae

______ transmission of these disease in lab animals is most likely due to ingestion of contaminated/dirty bedding

Clostridium pilliformae

______ is the cause of quail disease or ulcerative enteritis, seen in a wide variety of wild/domestic avian species

Clostridium colinum

______ associated with the production of neonatal diarrhea in pigs, common cause of mesocolonic edema and usually mild to moderate economically significant diarrhea

Clostridium difficile

Issues w/ C. difficile in horses

watery diarrhea in foals 2 to 5 days acute colitis in mature horses rarely isolated from non-diarrhea horses

______ well recognized as cause of diarrhea in association w/ administration of antimicrobial agents, psuedomembraneous colitis in humans , severe form may be fatal

Clostridium difficile

______ and ______ are the two toxins produced by C. difficle

Toxin A- enterotoxin | Toxin B- cytotoxin