Helicobacter/Clostridia Flashcards
______ is associated with acute gastritis and duodenal ulcers in humans
Helicobacter pylori
______ has been isolated from gastric mucosa of humans, cats dogs and pigs
Helicobacter heilmannii
______ is a common cause of gastric ulcers in ferrets
Helicobacter mustelae
______ , ______ , and ______ are from humans and may be clinically important assocaited with diarrhea
H. cinaedi
H. canis
H. fennelliae
______ , ______ . and ______ isolated from the bilary tract of rodents and humans play a possible role in cholecystitis and cancer of the gall bladder
H. bilis
H. hepaticus
H. pullorum
The ______ genome has been sequenced
Helicobacter pylori
______ has been isolated from multpile cases of acute gastritis after gastric endoscopy
Helicobacter pylori
______ generates ammonimum ions and CO2 that are responsible for much of the tissue damage in Helicobacter infections
Urease enzyme
T/F Helicobacter organisms are highly antibiotic resistant
FALSE susceptible to a number of drugs
T/F Clostridium are facultative anaerobes
FALSE- they are obligate anearobes
What are the 2 broad types of clostridia?
Those that do not actively invade/multiply
Those that do invade and multiply in the tissue
T/F Clostridia that actively invade tissue and multpily are also known as the gas gangrene group
True
T/F C. botulinum is an example of a gas gangrene clostridia
False, it is a member of the other group
______ and ______ are Clostridia that do not actively invade tissue/multiply rely solely on toxin production at localized sites or in vitro.
C. Tetani and C. botulinum
What is the habitat of C. tetani?
soil, fecal material, readily found in horse and human feces
T/F There are several serotypes of Clostridium tetani that are significantly important
FALSE only the toxin is of clinical significance
______ is the toxin of C. tetani that is responsible for clinical disease
Tetanosporin
Tetanosporin block ______ release specifically ______ and ______ at the level of the brainstem and spinal cord
neurotransmitter
glycine and gamma-aminobutyric acid
What are the clinical signs associated with tetanosportin?
continuous spasms of opposing muscle groups- tentany
T/F once the tetanus toxin binds to gangliosides it is easily reversible
FALSE it is almost irreversible and antibody is not effective once it is bound
______ produces local necrosis and thereby stimulates the growth of C. tetani
Hemolysin
______ binds to the nueromuscular junction but its function is unknown
Non-spasmogenic toxin
Give a brief pathogensis of Clostridium tetani
organism/usually the spre form enters would/tissue w/ low oxygen tension
deep wounds usually innoculated w/ contmainating bacteria which cause necrosis in the surrounding tissues, reduce the O2 tension and allow growth/germination of C. tetani
Toxin Spreads along the peripheral nerves or hematogenous and through the lymph
What is ascending tetanus?
Term form tetanus toxin affecting those nerves closest to the lesion
What is descending tetanus?
when toxin spreads through the lymph- classic lock jaw
nerves affected first are those that are most sensitive- horses and humans usually get this
______ use has led to an increase reports of tetanus in calves
elastrator band
______ is given to provide immediate passive immunity following and injury followed by or given simultaneously w/ the ______ to prevent tetanus
Antitoxin; toxoid
______ is a relatively rare cause of food poisoning in humans, domestic animals and waterfowl
Clostrium botulinum
______ was associated with an outbreak in CA w/ intravenous black tar heroin users
Clostridium botulinum
______ is relatively common form of botulinum in children
Toxico-infectious botulism OR
infant botulism
______ C. botulinum are soil saprophytes and are found in sea sediments, while ______ are obligate parasites of the intestinal tract of mammals and birds and are only found in soil as contaminants
A, B, E, F, G
C and D
T/F ingestion of the organsim is the cause of botulinum in humans animals
FALSE ingestion of the preformed toxin is the cause of disease
______ can be produced in carcasses, improperly cured meats, and especially canned green beans
Clostridium botulinum
Infant botulism has been associated with______
Honey
What is the disease caused by Clostridium botulinum in horses known as? what causes it?
Forage poisoning, usually via ingestion of rabbit or other animal that is killed during mowing and baled in the hay
______ is usually a precurosos to Clostridium botulinum in cattle and sheep
Aphosphorosis
What is aphosphorosis?
Animal is deficient in phosphorus and chews bones, can ingest enough toxin to produce botulism- more prevalent in africa/texas areas where soil is deficient in phosphorus
______ can be isolated from mink and foxes that feed of OFFAL and fish
Clostridium botulinum
______ is a term used to describe clostridium botulinum n birds
Limberneck, ducks/aquatic birds that feed on the bottom of ponds- flaccid paralysis of the neck
T/F the botulinum toxin bust by cleaved in order to cause disease
FALSE the ORGANISM bust be lysed to release the toxin
Some botulinum toxins take the form of ______ and have to be partially digested with ______ to be activated
prototoxins; trypsin
T/F Toxin production in types C and D is phage mediated
True
T/F Most of the botulinum toxins are very heat stable
False; they are readily destroyed by boiling 3 min or heating to 80C for 5 minutes
Why might there be a recurring of Clostridum botulinum in a broiler house, how does it happen?
Chicken dies, carcass is buried, organism proliferates
the carcass is rediscovered by the birds, ingested
more die, buried etc
Outline the pathogensis of C. botulinum
Toxin absorbed in the blood/lymph
carried to the peripheral nervous system, binds to the nueromuscular junction
causes paralysis of the cholinergic nerve fibers by blocking the release of AcH
causes a flaccid paralysis
T/F the more acute the onset of botulism clinical disease the higher the mortality rate
TRUE
Botulsim toxin ______ is the most acute and results in the highest mortality rate
Type E
______ and ______ are the most common botulinum toxins in the US cases
Type A and E
One has to have either the ______ specific for the type of toxin that produces disease or a ______ ______ to produce immunity against multiple toxins
toxoid
polyvalent toxoid
T/F finding the organism in feed, intestines etc is a definitive diagnosis for Clostridum botulinum
FALSE; need to isolate the toxin, the organism is supportive to diagnosis but dz is caused by the toxin
______ ______ is available for human treatment of C. botulinum, response vaires with type of toxin
polyvalent antitoxin
______ is the caus eof gas gangrene, fatal toxemias and maliganant edema-like infections in sheep
Clostridium perfinges
What are the 4 types of toxins produced by C. perfinges? What is special about them?
alpha, beta, epsilon, iota, they are used to classify the 5 types of C. perfringes, they are proteins that act as enzymes
What other toxins do C. perferinges produce?
hyaluronidase, DNase, collagenase, proteinase
______ aka ______ is a spordaic casue of sisease in feeder lambs in Caand some western states
Type A; yellow lamb disease
______ produced in the small intestine and absorbed causes massive intravascular hemoylsis and capillary damge
Alpha toxin
______ has been recognized in recent years as major cause of enteric disease in young piglets,
Clostridium perfringes Type A
______ clinical disease can mimic mild E. coli infections and can have an effect on the rate of growth in piglets
Clostridium perfringes type A
______ is the a sporadic but highly fatal disease that effects adult cows
Hemorrhagic bowel syndrome (HBS)
______ is associated with necrotic enteritis in chickens, characterized by extensive necrosis of the small intestine
Clostridium perferinges Types A, B and C
______ has been reported from severe fatal enteritis in sheep recently ans are involved in clostridial enteritis in foals
Clostridium perfringes type A
T/F non-toxigenic strains are the most widespread type of C. perfringes
TRUE
______ is the cause of wound infections, gas gangrene in humans
Type A
T/F Clostridium Type A is easily prevented in piglets and dairy cattle
False, there have been some vaccines approved but they dont work real well apparently
______ causes lamb dysentery and hemorrhagic enteritis
Clostridium perfringes Type B
______ cases enterotoxemia in calves; hemorrhagic, necrotic eteritis in calevs and lambs, usualyl the most healthy and vigorous animals effected
CLostridium perferinges Type C
______ causes enterotoxemia in young piglets 1-5 days old, acute hemorrhagic enteritis w/ high mortality
Clostridium perferinges Type C
T/F immunization of sowa against Clostridium pre-farrowing is routine
True
______ is responsible for the clinical disease of C> perferinges type C in piglets
Beta toxin
Milk and clostrum contain ______ that prevents the inactivation of the beta toxin
Trypsin inhibitors (the toxin normally would be inactivated by trypsin otherwise)
______ causes enterotoxemia in sheep otherwise known as overeating disease or pulpy kidney disease, economically significant dz of feeder lambs; usually effecting the healthiest animals
Clostridium perferinges type D
______ is the principle toxin of Clostridium perferinges Type D
epsilon toxin- activated via cleavage by trypsin
______ this toxin has receptors in the fvascualr endothelium in the brain and produces liquefactive necrosis, edema and hemorrhage
epsilon toxin
______ is used to detect toxin genes
PCR
______ should be used routinely in lambs to protect against Clostridium
CDT tetanus toxoid
______ is the cause of black leg in cattle
Clostrium chauvoei
______ is the natural habitat of Clostridium chauvoei
exist in the soil as spores, very resistant
______ toxin of C. chauveoi is the lethal, necrotizing and hemolytic
Alpha Toxin
______ usually affects cattle 6 months to 2 years of age, usually fat, rapid growing animals, areas of balck, necrotic muscle w/ gas production and crepitation
Clostridium chauveoi
Pathogenesis of black leg
theory is that spores are present in the animal naturally
they germinate when damage or injury to the tissue causes necrosis and anaerobic conditions
______ is most important from vaccination for C. chauvoei
protective antigen, it is against the organsim NOT the toxin
T/F penecillin is effective against C. chauvoei
True if given in early stages, locally and systemically
______ cause of malignant edema associated with wounds in humans and animals
Clostridium septicum
______ may be a secondary infection in black leg and other clostridial infections
Clostridum septicum
______ is cause of braxy in sheep, gastroenteritis of carnivores
Clostridium septicum
T/F there is no gas production by C. septicum
True
T/F C. septicum must be the dominant organism to be considered significant
True- it is a frequent postmortem invader
______ is involved in gas gangrene and enterotoxemia, frequently found in mixed infections in cattle, routinely included in “7 way” vaccines
Clostridium sordelli
______ is the cause of blacks disease
Clostridium novyi
T/F CLostridum novyi is more oxygen sensitive than other clostridia
True
______ produces big head in rams that fight and get head wounds, gas gangrene in man and animals
Clostridium novyi Type A
______ infectious necrotic hepatitis in sheep and occasionally cattle
Blacks disease- Clostridium novyi type B
What is the pathogenesis of Blacks disease
preferably affects best doing animals
spores originate in teh intestine, migrate to liver, remian in dormant state in Kupffer cells
Liver fluke mirgates through liver and creates favorable environment (necrosis)
spores multiply and pdx toxin
______ is availble for treatment of outbreaks of C. novyi
hyperimmune serum
______ also known as C. novyi type D, causes bacilalry hemoglobinuria or Redwater disease of cattle, deer, elk and sometimes sheep
Clostridium hemolyticum
______ is the principle toxin of Redwater disease
Lecithinase C
______ is the characteristic lesion associated w/ Redwater disease
large infarct
______ is the cause of Tyzzer’s disease which is primary problem in laboratory rodents, also a problem in wild muskrats
Clostridium pilliformae
______ transmission of these disease in lab animals is most likely due to ingestion of contaminated/dirty bedding
Clostridium pilliformae
______ is the cause of quail disease or ulcerative enteritis, seen in a wide variety of wild/domestic avian species
Clostridium colinum
______ associated with the production of neonatal diarrhea in pigs, common cause of mesocolonic edema and usually mild to moderate economically significant diarrhea
Clostridium difficile
Issues w/ C. difficile in horses
watery diarrhea in foals 2 to 5 days
acute colitis in mature horses
rarely isolated from non-diarrhea horses
______ well recognized as cause of diarrhea in association w/ administration of antimicrobial agents, psuedomembraneous colitis in humans , severe form may be fatal
Clostridium difficile
______ and ______ are the two toxins produced by C. difficle
Toxin A- enterotoxin
Toxin B- cytotoxin
