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Micro Exam 3 > Helicobacter/Clostridia > Flashcards

Helicobacter/Clostridia Flashcards

1
Q

______ is associated with acute gastritis and duodenal ulcers in humans

A

Helicobacter pylori

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2
Q

______ has been isolated from gastric mucosa of humans, cats dogs and pigs

A

Helicobacter heilmannii

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3
Q

______ is a common cause of gastric ulcers in ferrets

A

Helicobacter mustelae

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4
Q

______ , ______ , and ______ are from humans and may be clinically important assocaited with diarrhea

A

H. cinaedi
H. canis
H. fennelliae

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5
Q

______ , ______ . and ______ isolated from the bilary tract of rodents and humans play a possible role in cholecystitis and cancer of the gall bladder

A

H. bilis
H. hepaticus
H. pullorum

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6
Q

The ______ genome has been sequenced

A

Helicobacter pylori

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7
Q

______ has been isolated from multpile cases of acute gastritis after gastric endoscopy

A

Helicobacter pylori

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8
Q

______ generates ammonimum ions and CO2 that are responsible for much of the tissue damage in Helicobacter infections

A

Urease enzyme

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9
Q

T/F Helicobacter organisms are highly antibiotic resistant

A

FALSE susceptible to a number of drugs

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10
Q

T/F Clostridium are facultative anaerobes

A

FALSE- they are obligate anearobes

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11
Q

What are the 2 broad types of clostridia?

A

Those that do not actively invade/multiply

Those that do invade and multiply in the tissue

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12
Q

T/F Clostridia that actively invade tissue and multpily are also known as the gas gangrene group

A

True

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13
Q

T/F C. botulinum is an example of a gas gangrene clostridia

A

False, it is a member of the other group

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14
Q

______ and ______ are Clostridia that do not actively invade tissue/multiply rely solely on toxin production at localized sites or in vitro.

A

C. Tetani and C. botulinum

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15
Q

What is the habitat of C. tetani?

A

soil, fecal material, readily found in horse and human feces

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16
Q

T/F There are several serotypes of Clostridium tetani that are significantly important

A

FALSE only the toxin is of clinical significance

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17
Q

______ is the toxin of C. tetani that is responsible for clinical disease

A

Tetanosporin

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18
Q

Tetanosporin block ______ release specifically ______ and ______ at the level of the brainstem and spinal cord

A

neurotransmitter

glycine and gamma-aminobutyric acid

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19
Q

What are the clinical signs associated with tetanosportin?

A

continuous spasms of opposing muscle groups- tentany

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20
Q

T/F once the tetanus toxin binds to gangliosides it is easily reversible

A

FALSE it is almost irreversible and antibody is not effective once it is bound

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21
Q

______ produces local necrosis and thereby stimulates the growth of C. tetani

A

Hemolysin

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22
Q

______ binds to the nueromuscular junction but its function is unknown

A

Non-spasmogenic toxin

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23
Q

Give a brief pathogensis of Clostridium tetani

A

organism/usually the spre form enters would/tissue w/ low oxygen tension

deep wounds usually innoculated w/ contmainating bacteria which cause necrosis in the surrounding tissues, reduce the O2 tension and allow growth/germination of C. tetani

Toxin Spreads along the peripheral nerves or hematogenous and through the lymph

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24
Q

What is ascending tetanus?

A

Term form tetanus toxin affecting those nerves closest to the lesion

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25
Q

What is descending tetanus?

A

when toxin spreads through the lymph- classic lock jaw

nerves affected first are those that are most sensitive- horses and humans usually get this

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26
Q

______ use has led to an increase reports of tetanus in calves

A

elastrator band

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27
Q

______ is given to provide immediate passive immunity following and injury followed by or given simultaneously w/ the ______ to prevent tetanus

A

Antitoxin; toxoid

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28
Q

______ is a relatively rare cause of food poisoning in humans, domestic animals and waterfowl

A

Clostrium botulinum

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29
Q

______ was associated with an outbreak in CA w/ intravenous black tar heroin users

A

Clostridium botulinum

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30
Q

______ is relatively common form of botulinum in children

A

Toxico-infectious botulism OR

infant botulism

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31
Q

______ C. botulinum are soil saprophytes and are found in sea sediments, while ______ are obligate parasites of the intestinal tract of mammals and birds and are only found in soil as contaminants

A

A, B, E, F, G

C and D

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32
Q

T/F ingestion of the organsim is the cause of botulinum in humans animals

A

FALSE ingestion of the preformed toxin is the cause of disease

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33
Q

______ can be produced in carcasses, improperly cured meats, and especially canned green beans

A

Clostridium botulinum

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34
Q

Infant botulism has been associated with______

A

Honey

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35
Q

What is the disease caused by Clostridium botulinum in horses known as? what causes it?

A

Forage poisoning, usually via ingestion of rabbit or other animal that is killed during mowing and baled in the hay

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36
Q

______ is usually a precurosos to Clostridium botulinum in cattle and sheep

A

Aphosphorosis

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37
Q

What is aphosphorosis?

A

Animal is deficient in phosphorus and chews bones, can ingest enough toxin to produce botulism- more prevalent in africa/texas areas where soil is deficient in phosphorus

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38
Q

______ can be isolated from mink and foxes that feed of OFFAL and fish

A

Clostridium botulinum

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39
Q

______ is a term used to describe clostridium botulinum n birds

A

Limberneck, ducks/aquatic birds that feed on the bottom of ponds- flaccid paralysis of the neck

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40
Q

T/F the botulinum toxin bust by cleaved in order to cause disease

A

FALSE the ORGANISM bust be lysed to release the toxin

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41
Q

Some botulinum toxins take the form of ______ and have to be partially digested with ______ to be activated

A

prototoxins; trypsin

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42
Q

T/F Toxin production in types C and D is phage mediated

A

True

43
Q

T/F Most of the botulinum toxins are very heat stable

A

False; they are readily destroyed by boiling 3 min or heating to 80C for 5 minutes

44
Q

Why might there be a recurring of Clostridum botulinum in a broiler house, how does it happen?

A

Chicken dies, carcass is buried, organism proliferates

the carcass is rediscovered by the birds, ingested

more die, buried etc

45
Q

Outline the pathogensis of C. botulinum

A

Toxin absorbed in the blood/lymph
carried to the peripheral nervous system, binds to the nueromuscular junction
causes paralysis of the cholinergic nerve fibers by blocking the release of AcH
causes a flaccid paralysis

46
Q

T/F the more acute the onset of botulism clinical disease the higher the mortality rate

A

TRUE

47
Q

Botulsim toxin ______ is the most acute and results in the highest mortality rate

A

Type E

48
Q

______ and ______ are the most common botulinum toxins in the US cases

A

Type A and E

49
Q

One has to have either the ______ specific for the type of toxin that produces disease or a ______ ______ to produce immunity against multiple toxins

A

toxoid

polyvalent toxoid

50
Q

T/F finding the organism in feed, intestines etc is a definitive diagnosis for Clostridum botulinum

A

FALSE; need to isolate the toxin, the organism is supportive to diagnosis but dz is caused by the toxin

51
Q

______ ______ is available for human treatment of C. botulinum, response vaires with type of toxin

A

polyvalent antitoxin

52
Q

______ is the caus eof gas gangrene, fatal toxemias and maliganant edema-like infections in sheep

A

Clostridium perfinges

53
Q

What are the 4 types of toxins produced by C. perfinges? What is special about them?

A

alpha, beta, epsilon, iota, they are used to classify the 5 types of C. perfringes, they are proteins that act as enzymes

54
Q

What other toxins do C. perferinges produce?

A

hyaluronidase, DNase, collagenase, proteinase

55
Q

______ aka ______ is a spordaic casue of sisease in feeder lambs in Caand some western states

A

Type A; yellow lamb disease

56
Q

______ produced in the small intestine and absorbed causes massive intravascular hemoylsis and capillary damge

A

Alpha toxin

57
Q

______ has been recognized in recent years as major cause of enteric disease in young piglets,

A

Clostridium perfringes Type A

58
Q

______ clinical disease can mimic mild E. coli infections and can have an effect on the rate of growth in piglets

A

Clostridium perfringes type A

59
Q

______ is the a sporadic but highly fatal disease that effects adult cows

A

Hemorrhagic bowel syndrome (HBS)

60
Q

______ is associated with necrotic enteritis in chickens, characterized by extensive necrosis of the small intestine

A

Clostridium perferinges Types A, B and C

61
Q

______ has been reported from severe fatal enteritis in sheep recently ans are involved in clostridial enteritis in foals

A

Clostridium perfringes type A

62
Q

T/F non-toxigenic strains are the most widespread type of C. perfringes

A

TRUE

63
Q

______ is the cause of wound infections, gas gangrene in humans

A

Type A

64
Q

T/F Clostridium Type A is easily prevented in piglets and dairy cattle

A

False, there have been some vaccines approved but they dont work real well apparently

65
Q

______ causes lamb dysentery and hemorrhagic enteritis

A

Clostridium perfringes Type B

66
Q

______ cases enterotoxemia in calves; hemorrhagic, necrotic eteritis in calevs and lambs, usualyl the most healthy and vigorous animals effected

A

CLostridium perferinges Type C

67
Q

______ causes enterotoxemia in young piglets 1-5 days old, acute hemorrhagic enteritis w/ high mortality

A

Clostridium perferinges Type C

68
Q

T/F immunization of sowa against Clostridium pre-farrowing is routine

A

True

69
Q

______ is responsible for the clinical disease of C> perferinges type C in piglets

A

Beta toxin

70
Q

Milk and clostrum contain ______ that prevents the inactivation of the beta toxin

A

Trypsin inhibitors (the toxin normally would be inactivated by trypsin otherwise)

71
Q

______ causes enterotoxemia in sheep otherwise known as overeating disease or pulpy kidney disease, economically significant dz of feeder lambs; usually effecting the healthiest animals

A

Clostridium perferinges type D

72
Q

______ is the principle toxin of Clostridium perferinges Type D

A

epsilon toxin- activated via cleavage by trypsin

73
Q

______ this toxin has receptors in the fvascualr endothelium in the brain and produces liquefactive necrosis, edema and hemorrhage

A

epsilon toxin

74
Q

______ is used to detect toxin genes

A

PCR

75
Q

______ should be used routinely in lambs to protect against Clostridium

A

CDT tetanus toxoid

76
Q

______ is the cause of black leg in cattle

A

Clostrium chauvoei

77
Q

______ is the natural habitat of Clostridium chauvoei

A

exist in the soil as spores, very resistant

78
Q

______ toxin of C. chauveoi is the lethal, necrotizing and hemolytic

A

Alpha Toxin

79
Q

______ usually affects cattle 6 months to 2 years of age, usually fat, rapid growing animals, areas of balck, necrotic muscle w/ gas production and crepitation

A

Clostridium chauveoi

80
Q

Pathogenesis of black leg

A

theory is that spores are present in the animal naturally

they germinate when damage or injury to the tissue causes necrosis and anaerobic conditions

81
Q

______ is most important from vaccination for C. chauvoei

A

protective antigen, it is against the organsim NOT the toxin

82
Q

T/F penecillin is effective against C. chauvoei

A

True if given in early stages, locally and systemically

83
Q

______ cause of malignant edema associated with wounds in humans and animals

A

Clostridium septicum

84
Q

______ may be a secondary infection in black leg and other clostridial infections

A

Clostridum septicum

85
Q

______ is cause of braxy in sheep, gastroenteritis of carnivores

A

Clostridium septicum

86
Q

T/F there is no gas production by C. septicum

A

True

87
Q

T/F C. septicum must be the dominant organism to be considered significant

A

True- it is a frequent postmortem invader

88
Q

______ is involved in gas gangrene and enterotoxemia, frequently found in mixed infections in cattle, routinely included in “7 way” vaccines

A

Clostridium sordelli

89
Q

______ is the cause of blacks disease

A

Clostridium novyi

90
Q

T/F CLostridum novyi is more oxygen sensitive than other clostridia

A

True

91
Q

______ produces big head in rams that fight and get head wounds, gas gangrene in man and animals

A

Clostridium novyi Type A

92
Q

______ infectious necrotic hepatitis in sheep and occasionally cattle

A

Blacks disease- Clostridium novyi type B

93
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Blacks disease

A

preferably affects best doing animals
spores originate in teh intestine, migrate to liver, remian in dormant state in Kupffer cells
Liver fluke mirgates through liver and creates favorable environment (necrosis)
spores multiply and pdx toxin

94
Q

______ is availble for treatment of outbreaks of C. novyi

A

hyperimmune serum

95
Q

______ also known as C. novyi type D, causes bacilalry hemoglobinuria or Redwater disease of cattle, deer, elk and sometimes sheep

A

Clostridium hemolyticum

96
Q

______ is the principle toxin of Redwater disease

A

Lecithinase C

97
Q

______ is the characteristic lesion associated w/ Redwater disease

A

large infarct

98
Q

______ is the cause of Tyzzer’s disease which is primary problem in laboratory rodents, also a problem in wild muskrats

A

Clostridium pilliformae

99
Q

______ transmission of these disease in lab animals is most likely due to ingestion of contaminated/dirty bedding

A

Clostridium pilliformae

100
Q

______ is the cause of quail disease or ulcerative enteritis, seen in a wide variety of wild/domestic avian species

A

Clostridium colinum

101
Q

______ associated with the production of neonatal diarrhea in pigs, common cause of mesocolonic edema and usually mild to moderate economically significant diarrhea

A

Clostridium difficile

102
Q

Issues w/ C. difficile in horses

A

watery diarrhea in foals 2 to 5 days
acute colitis in mature horses
rarely isolated from non-diarrhea horses

103
Q

______ well recognized as cause of diarrhea in association w/ administration of antimicrobial agents, psuedomembraneous colitis in humans , severe form may be fatal

A

Clostridium difficile

104
Q

______ and ______ are the two toxins produced by C. difficle

A

Toxin A- enterotoxin

Toxin B- cytotoxin

Micro Exam 3 (17 decks)

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