Heart and Lungs Flashcards
The lung is?
the organ where oxygen and CO2 are exchanged
What is the function of the lung?
Respiration
What causes air to move into the lungs?
The expansion of the pleural cavity via the contraction of the diaphragm.
Increased size of the thoracic cavity causes negative pressure
What pushes the air out of the lungs?
Contraction of the abdominal muscles that force the abdominal viscera against the caudal surface of the diaphragm.
Where are the slightly concave bases of the lungs?
Adjacent to the diaphragm
Where are the apexes (apex) of the lungs?
In the thoracic inlet
Where are the costal surfaces of the lungs?
The curved lateral surface of the lung
Where are the medial surfaces of the lungs?
The flattened surface that faces the mediastinum
Where is the vertebral part of the lungs?
The medial portion of the lung that is inserted by the vertebral bodies
Where is the mediastinal part of the lungs?
The ventral portion of the medial wall that faces the mediastinum
What and where is the cardiac impression of the lungs?
Deep indentation by the heart
Found between the third and sixth ribs
What and where is the diaphragmatic surface?
A concave surface that lies against the convex surface of the diaphragm
Where is the cardiac notch?
On the right lung
It is V-shaped with its apex located dorsally at the beginning of the fourth rib
How is the cardiac notch formed?
Formed by the ventrally diverging borders of the cranial and middle lobes
What and where is the dorsal margin of the lungs?
The margin along the vertebral part of the lung which extends from the apex to the base
What and where is the ventral margin of the lungs?
The margin that covers the costal surface and is continuous with the medial surface and lies in the costomediastinal recess
What and where is the basal margin of the lungs?
Where the costal and diaphragmatic surfaces meet
What and where is the acute margin?
Where the basal and ventral margins meet
What and where is the hilus of the lung?
The area of each lung that receives the principal bronchi and creates passages for the pulmonary and bronchial vessels and nerves
What and where is the root of the lung?
The aggregate of vessels and nerves that enter the organ at the hilus
What determines lung lobes?
The pattern of branching of the principal bronchi
What are interlobar fissures?
The external indicators of divisions of principal bronchi
Divide the lung into lobations
Where is the caudal interlobar fissure?
Between the middle and caudal lobes of the right lung and the cranial and caudal lobes of the left lung
Where is the cranial interlobar fissure?
Between the cranial and middle lobes of the right lung
What is it called when the surface of adjacent lobes are in contact with each other?
Interlobar surfaces
The lungs are divided into two parts
Conducting part and respiratory part
What are the components of the conducting part of the lungs
Bronchi
Bronchioles
What are the components of the respiratory part of the lungs
Respiratory bronchiole
Alveolar duct
Alveolar sac
Alveoli
What are the three kinds of bronchi?
Primary/principal bronchi
Secondary/lobar bronchi
Tertiary/segmental/sub lobar bronchi
What is a primary bronchi?
A short thick segment entering each lung’s hilus and divides into the secondary/lobar bronchi
What is a secondary bronchi?
The continuation of the primary bronchi, and ventilates the major lobes of the lungs
Gives rise to tertiary/segmental/bronchi
What is a tertiary bronchi?
Branches of the secondary bronchi that ventilate a bronchopulmonary segment
What is a bronchiole?
Small tubes with no cartilaginous support. Continuations of the tertiary bronchi
What are respiratory bronchioles?
Terminal bronchioles wherein its walls contain some alveoli
What are alveolar ducts?
Continuations of the respiratory bronchioles which are surrounded by alveoli
What are alveolar sacs?
Terminal ends of the alveolar ducts that are surrounded by alveoli
What are alveoli?
Thin walled sacs that function for gas exchange
Why are alveoli good for gas exchange?
Because it is thin and moist and allows for rapid diffusion
What vessels are present at the alveoli?
Pulmonary capillaries
How many lobes do the lungs have?
6
4 lobes in the right lung
- Right caudal lobe
- Right middle lobe
- Right cranial lobe
- accessory lobe
2 lobes in the left lung
- left caudal lobe
- left cranial lobe
What is a carina?
The last tracheal cartilage that marks the bifurcation of the trachea into the left and right principal bronchus
What is another name for the cranial lobe for both lungs?
apical lobe
True or false. The cranial lobe of the left lung has two lobes.
Yes
Cranial (apical) lobe and caudal (cardiac) lobe
What is another name for the caudal lobe of both lungs?
diaphragmatic lobe
The middle lobe of the right lung is also called what?
Middle lobe
The intermediate/mediastinal/azygos lobe are other names for which lobe?
Accessory lobe
True or false. There are four lymph nodes at the tracheobronchial area.
False. There are three; right, left, and middle tracheobronchial lymph nodes
The two lungs both have two surfaces that. What are they?
Lateral (costal) surface
Medial (visceral) surface
In the narrow sense, the thoracic cavity is bounded by what?
The subserous endothoracic fascia
In a wider sense, the thoracic cavity is formed by what?
The ribs, thoracic vertebrae, sternum, and associated muscles (including the diaphragm)
What is the shape of the thoracic cavity?
Cone shaped
Where is the apex of the thoracic cavity?
Between the first pair of ribs and the base at the diaphragm
This is the areolar tissue that attaches the costal and diaphragmatic pleurae to the underlying muscles, ligaments, and bones
Endothoracic fascia
Wheres does the endothoracic fascia attach to?
The costal pleura of the ribs
Where does the endothoracic fascia extend to and what does it become?
It extends dorsally and ventrally to the mediastinal space and becomes the connective tissue that invests organs into the mediastinum
Cranially, where does the endothoracic fascia pass through and what does it become?
It passes through the thoracic inlet and into the neck
It blends with the deep cervical fascia
Caudally, what does the endothoracic fascia become and where does it pass through?
It blends in with the transversalis fascia at the hiatuses of the diaphragm and lumbosacral arches
