Doc Ariel Dog Bones Flashcards
Anatomy
Study of structure of living organisms
Veterinary Anatomy
Study of the anatomy of the principal domesticated animals
Macroscopic or Gross anatomy
Study of structures that can be dissected and observed with an unaided eye or with a hand lens.
Microscopic anatomy or Histology
Study of structures too small to be seen without a light microscope
Ultrastructural anatomy
Study using an electron microscope
Pathological anatomy
Study of deviation from the normal, in cases where the animal becomes diseased or the organs function improperly.
Embryology
Study of development of an individual from fertilization to birth.
Developmental anatomy
Study of development from zygote to the adult.
Teratology
Study of abnormal development
Topographical anatomy
Study of structures in relation to other parts of the body
Systematic anatomy
Study of organ systems that are closely related or of similar origin.
Applied anatomy
The practical application of the knowledge in diagnosis and treatment
Osteology
Study of bones and cartilages
Syndesmology
Study of joints and ligaments
Myology
Study of muscles and accessory structures
Splanchnology
Study of viscera (digestive, respiratory, urogenital, peritoneum and ductless glands)
Angiology
Study of organs of circulation (heart, arteries veins, lymphatics and spleen)
Neurology
Study of the nervous system
Sense organ
Study of organs which relate the individual to the environment
Common integument
Study of the protective envelope of the body (skin) and all of its related structures (mammary gland, hooves, claws, comb and wattles)
Dorsal
Structures lie toward the back (dorsum) of the trunk or, by extension, toward the corresponding surface of the head or tail.
Ventral
Structures lie toward the belly (venter) or the corresponding surface of the head or tail.
Cranial
Structures lie toward the head (cranium, literally skull)
Caudal
Structures lie toward the tail (cauda).
Medial
Structures lie toward the median plane (medianus, in the middle) that divides the body into symmetrical right and left halves.
Lateral
Structures lie toward the side (latus, flank) of the animal.
Proximal
Structures that lie toward the junction with the body.
Distal
Structures at a greater distance.
Median plane
Divides the body into symmetrical right and left halves.
Sagittal plane
Any plane parallel to the median plane.
Paramedian planes
Those close to the median.
Dorsal plane
Sections the trunk or other part parallel to the dorsal surface.
Transverse Plane
Transects the trunk, head, limb, or other appendage perpendicular to its own long axis.
Axial structures
Lie close to the axis of a central digit, close to the axis of the limb if this passes between two digits.
Abaxial positions
Positions that are at a distance from the reference axis.
Functions of the skeleton
Structural support, protection of soft tissues, muscle attachment, provide levers for muscular action, storage of minerals, calcium and phosphorus, storage of fat, hematopoietic organ (blood cell formation).
Hematopoiesis
Blood cell formation including RBC, Hb, WBC, and platelets.
Undermineralization of the skeleton
A common manifestation of underfeeding, improper feeding, or inability of the individual to assimilate food adequately.
Composition of bone
Composed of 1/3 organic and 2/3 inorganic materials (microcrystalline structure composed principally of calcium phosphate).
Compact/Dense bone
Forms the outer shell of skeletal parts and the shaft of long bones, differing in thickness based on stress and strain.
Diaphysis
Is the midsection or shaft of the long bone composed of compact/dense bone
Epiphysis
The ends of long bones composed of spongy bone
Bone matrix
Makes up your bones. They are calcified interstitial substances deposited in layers called lamellae.
Yellow bone marrow
Found in the shaft of adults, composed of fat
Red bone marrow
Found in the bones of fetuses and newborns
Cancellous/Spongy bone
Elaborated in extremities of long bones, consisting of bony plates and spicules which run in various directions.
These form the bulk of short bones and in variable distances along shaft of long bones
Cancellous/spongy bones
Pneumatic bones
Some bones that contain air spaces in compact substance instead of a marrow or spongy area.
Periosteum
Connective tissue that covers the non-articular outer surface of the bone.
Endosteum
Similar to periosteum but thinner; it lines the medullary cavity and the nutrient canals of the bone.
Perichondrium
Covers the articular margin of the articular cartilages and is histologically similar to periosteum.
Mucoperiosteum
Lining of paranasal sinuses that contains mucous cells and covers bones forming boundaries of the respiratory or digestive system.
Exostoses
Osseous bulge in site of injury.
Osteoblasts
Bone-forming cells capable of synthesizing the building blocks of bone matrix.
Nutrient artery
Enters the nutrient foramen.
Medullary arteries and veins
Pass through the compact substance and supply the marrow and the spongy bone.
Periosteal arteries and veins
Supply the periosteum and the compact substance, reaching the Haversian or nutrient canal through the Volkmann’s canal.
Long bones
Make up our limbs
Typically cylindrical
Have a hollow cavity called the medullary cavity
Possess great tensile strength
Area of growing cartilage (epiphyseal growth plate) that is calcified in mature animals.
Epiphysis
As the epiphyseal growth plate matures. What happens?
The physeal cartilage ceases to grow and the epiphysis fuses with the shaft
Short bones
Confined to carpal and tarsal bones, typically cuboidal, with at least one surface non-articular for the attachment of tendons or passage of blood vessels and nerves.
Sesamoid bones
Present near moving joints, formed in tendons but may develop in the ligamentous tissues over which the tendons pass; usually has one articular surface and protects tendons in places where great friction is developed.
Flat bones
Include limbs or girdles (scapula, bones of the face) and serve as muscle attachments; some flat bones in the skull contain interosseous space called paranasal sinuses.
Flat bones of the cranium are composed of
Consist of outer and inner tables of compact bone and an intermediate uniting spongy bone called diploë.
Irregular bones
Include bones of the vertebral column, 4 parts of the hip bone (os coxae), and all bones of the skull not of the flat type;
What is the function of the irregular bones?
protect the spinal cord and give rigidity to thoracic and abdominal organs.
Axial skeleton
Comprises the skull, spinal/vertebral column, ribs, and sternum.
Appendicular skeleton
Comprises the limbs.
Heterotopic bones
Developed in soft tissues or visceral organs, examples include os penis, os clitoridis, os rostri, and os cordis.
Hyoid bones
Bones of the Hyoid Apparatus that acts as a suspensory mechanism for the tongue and larynx, attaching to the skull dorsally and the larynx and base of the tongue ventrally.
Basihyoid
A transverse, unpaired bone in the musculature of the base of the tongue, ventrally bowed and dorsoventrally compressed.
Thyrohyoid
A laterally bowed, sagittally compressed, slender bone extending dorsocaudally from the basihyoid to articulate with the cranial cornu of the thyroid cartilage of the larynx.
Ceratohyoid
A small, short, tapered rod with a distal extremity approximately twice as large as its proximal extremity, articulating with the basihyoid and thyrohyoid.
Epihyoid
Approximately parallel to the thyrohyoid bone, articulating with the ceratohyoid at nearly a right angle distally and with the stylohyoid proximally without any angulation.
Stylohyoid
Slightly longer than the epihyoid, flattened craniocaudally, and distinctly bowed toward the median plane, gradually increasing in size from its proximal to distal end.
Tympanohyoid Cartilage
A small cartilaginous bar that continues the proximal end of the stylohyoid to the inconspicuous mastoid process of the skull.
Vertebral Column
Comprises cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and caudal regions.
Parts of a typical vertebra
Includes body, arch, processes (spinous, transverse, mamillary, articular, accessory, hemal), and vertebral foramen.
Intervertebral foramina
Bounded by the cranial and caudal vertebral notches of the vertebra of the same and preceding segments, serving as passages for spinal nerves.
Transverse processes
Short, blunt, and irregular processes that contain foveae for articulation with the tubercles of the ribs.
Mamillary processes
Start at the second or third thoracic vertebra and continue as paired projections through the thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and caudal regions.
Accessory processes
Appear first in the midthoracic region and are located on succeeding segments as far caudally as the fifth or sixth lumbar vertebra.
Articular processes
Located at the junctions of the pedicles and the laminae.
Cervical vertebra
The first two, differing greatly from each other and also from all the other vertebrae, can be readily recognized.
Atlas
1st cervical vertebra; cranial end articulate with the skull; caudal end with the axis.
Chief peculiarities of Atlas
Specially modifies articular process, wing-like lateral expansion and lacks spinous process.
Alar notch
Cranial at the attachment of the wing of the atlas to the lateral mass; occupied by the ventral branch of the first cervical nerve.
Axis
2nd cervical vertebra; longest cervical vertebra.
Dens or odontoid process
Cranioventral eminence of the axis.
Thoracic vertebra
13 thoracic vertebra; possess a cranial and caudal articular costal fovea or demifacets for the articulation of the head of the ribs.
Eleventh thoracic vertebra
Spinous process is nearly perpendicular to the long axis of that bone; it is the anticlinal vertebra.
Lumbar vertebrae
7 segments; flattened dorsoventrally; have longer bodies than those of the thoracic vertebrae.
Sacral vertebrae
3 segments; fused to form the sacrum.
Median sacral crest
Formed by the fused spinous processes of the sacral vertebrae.
Caudal or coccygeal vertebrae
Variable in number (20-23 segments); tapering in size.
Hemal arches
Y or V-shaped bones which are separate; located in the ventral surface of the 4th to 6th Cd vertebrae; protect the median coccygeal artery.
Ribs
13 pairs; consist of a dorsal bony part that articulates with the thoracic vertebrae and a ventral cartilaginous part (costal cartilages) that articulates with the sternum.
9th rib
Longest rib.
Costal arch
Formed by the costal cartilages of the 10th, 11th, and 12th ribs uniting.
13th rib
Free or floating rib.
Intercostal space
Space in between ribs.
Median coccygeal artery
Located in the ventral surface of the 4th to 6th Cd vertebrae; it protects the median coccygeal artery.
Hemal arch
On the 4th to the 7th or 8th caudal vertebra, they may unite to form a hemal arch.
Ribs
13 pairs.
Dorsal bony part of ribs
Articulates with the thoracic vertebrae.
Ventral cartilaginous part of ribs
Articulates with the sternum (costal cartilages).
Costo-chondral junction
The dorsal and ventral parts meet at the costo-chondral junction.
Longest rib
9th rib longest rib.
Costal arch
Costal cartilages of the 10th, 11th and 12th ribs unite to form the costal arch.
Floating rib
13th rib - free or floating rib.
Intercostal space
Space in between ribs; 12 intercostal spaces.
Intercostal space formula
Formula = number of ribs - 1.
Sternal: asternal rib ratio
9:4.
Parts of a rib
Head, Neck, Shaft/body.
Sternum
Segmented; unpaired; 8 segments joined by intersternebral cartilages.
Manubrium
1st segment - Longer than the other 7 segments.
Xiphoid process
Last segment; extended caudally by a cartilage known as the xiphoid cartilage.
Thoracic limb
4 chief segments: Pectoral girdle, Arm (humerus), Forearm (radius and ulna), Manus (carpus, metacarpus, digits, sesamoids).
Pectoral/thoracic girdle
Clavicle is absent but there is a tendinous intersection.
Scapula
Divided by the spine on the lateral surface from the dorsal border to the neck into 2 fossae: Supraspinous fossa, infraspinous fossa.
Humerus
Body is irregularly cylindrical and has a twisted appearance.
Proximal extremities of humerus
Head, Greater tubercle (lateral), Lesser tubercle (medial).
Distal extremities of humerus
Consist of condyles: Lateral condyle (capitulum), medial condyle (trochlea).
Radial fossa
Origin of the ext carpi radialis m.
Olecranon fossa
A depression in the humerus.
Radius
Main weight supporting bone of the forearm.
Ulna
Divided into body/shaft and two extremities.
Manus
Composed of 7 bones in the carpus (wrist).
Metacarpus
Region of the manus between the carpus and the digits; typically composed of 5 bones.
Phalanges
Digital skeleton; consist of five units: 1 rudimentary and 4 are fully developed.
Pelvic limb
4 chief segments: Pelvic girdle, Thigh (femur and patella), Leg (tibia and fibula), Pes (tarsus, metatarsal, digits, sesamoids).
Os coxae
Fusion of the 4 bones form the acetabulum.
Ilium
Largest pelvic bone; has two surfaces - gluteal surface and sacropelvic surfaces.
Pelvic inlet
Bounded dorsally by the promontory of the sacrum, arcuate line bilaterally and cranial border of the pubis (pecten) ventrally.
Pelvic outlet
Bounded dorsally by the 1st coccygeal vertebra, sacrotuberous ligament bilaterally and by the tuber ischiadicum ventrally.
Thigh (femur and patella)
Most massive and largest bone in the body.
Proximal end of femur
Includes the head, which is nearly hemispherical and smooth, and the fovea capitis femoris, which serves for attachment of the ligament of the head of the femur.
Neck of femur
Unites the head of the femur with the rest of the proximal extremity.
Greater trochanter
Attachment of muscles (gluteus medius, piriformis and gluteus profundus).
Lesser trochanter
Attachment of quadratus femoris.
Distal extremity of femur
Includes the trochlea (patellar surface), which articulates with the patella (knee cap).
Patella
Largest sesamoid bone in the body.
Condyles of femur
Lateral and medial condyles articulate with the proximal end of the tibia.
Sesamoid bones in the stifle region
2 are located in the heads of the gastrocnemius muscle and one intercalated in the tendon of the popliteus muscle.
Fabellae
Small sesamoid bones found in the tendon of the gastrocnemius muscle.
Leg (tibia and fibula)
Tibia is the bone of the true leg, articulating proximally with the femur, distally with the tarsus and laterally on proximal and distal parts of the fibula.
Medial malleolus
Whole medial part of the distal end of the tibia.
Fibula
Located on the lateral side of the crus, mainly for muscular attachments and supports a little weight.
Lateral malleolus
Distal extremity of the fibula.
Pes (tarsus, metatarsal, digits, sesamoids)
Also known as hock, refers to the several joints between the tarsal bones as well as the region between the crus and the metatarsus.
Tarsus
Contains 7 tarsal bones.
Tibiotarsal bone (Talus)
Second largest bone in the hock, articulates proximally with the tibia and the fibula, distally on the central tarsal bone and plantarly on the fibular tarsal bone (calcaneous).
Trochlea of talus
The most prominent structure of the body of the talus.
Calcaneus (fibular-tarsal)
Largest bone of the hock, bears facet for articulations with the talus.
Central tarsal
Lies on the medial side of the tarsus between the proximal and distal rows, articulates with all of the tarsal bones.
Metatarsal bones
Composed of 5 bones (metatarsal I-V), resembling the corresponding metacarpal bones but are much longer.
Phalanges
Each of the four metatarsals bears three phalanges with their associated sesamoid bones.
Hallux (dew claw)
1st digit of the hindpaw, usually absent in dogs, if present contains only 2 digital bones (proximal and distal).
Os Penis/ baculum
Always present in the male dog, forms a rigid axis of the glans penis, passing through the bulbus glandis.
Function of Os Penis
Functions to stiffen the glans and dilate the fundus of the vagina.
Os clitoridis
Homologous bone in female carnivores, the bitch lacks this element.
