Heart Flashcards
What are the Surfaces of the Heart and what comprises those surfaces?
- Anterior (Sternocostal): Both Ventricles, Right more than left
- Posterior (Base): Left Atrium and 4 pulmonary arteries
- Inferior (Diaphragmatic): Both Ventricles, Left more than right
What are the Margins of the Heart?
Right and Left Outline
Where is the Apex of the Heart Located?
In the 5th Intercostal Space, 3 and a half inches from the midline, at the Midclavicular Line (Medial to the Left nipple)
What composes the Fibroserous Membrane of the Heart?
- Fibrous Pericardium
- Parietal Pericardium
- Visceral Pericardium
What is the fibrous CT surrounding the heart called?
The Fibrous Pericardium
Where is the Fibrous Pericardium located?
It is glued to the parietal pleura on each side, posterior to the esophagus, anterior to the anterior mediastinal fat, and Superior to the endothoracic fascia on the diaphragm
Pericarditis
Inflammation of the Pericardium from external insult or internal pathology
Pericardial Effusion
Fluid in the Pericardial Cavity
What is a Hemopericardium and what may it result in?
- Blood in the Pericardial Cavity
- May result in Cardiac Tamponade
Cardiac Tamponade
Condition in which the heart stops beating because of the excessive amount of blood and thus pressure in the pericardial cavity
Transverse Pericardial Sinus
Space behind Pulmonary Trunk and Arch of Aorta where ligature or clamp is placed, tubes of a coronary bypass machine are inserted, ligature is tightened to stop or redirect blood flow in those arteries, and then coronary procedure can be performed e.g. CABG
What are the Openings and Valves of the Right Atrium?
- Thebesian Veins
- IVC with small valve
- SVC
- Coronary Sinus with small valve
- Right AV Valve/Tricuspid
What are the Thebesian Veins?
Veins draining the myocardium and emptying into ALL chambers of the heart
What are the Openings and Valves of the Left Atrium?
- Thebesian Veins
- Left AV Valve/Mitral Valve/Bicuspid
- 4 Pulmonary Veins
What are the Auricles?
Pouches on the external surface of the Right and Left Atrium full of Pectinate Muscles
Sulcus Terminalis
Depression on the Anterolateral exterior wall of the Right atrium
Crista Terminalis
Muscular Ridge on the inside of the anterolateral wall of the Right Atrium
Pectinate Muscles
Muscles on the interior wall of the Right Atrium, anterior to the Crista Terminalis
Sinus Venarum
Smooth internal wall of the Right atrium, posterior to the Crista Terminalis
Fossa Ovalis
Depression in the Sinus Venarum where 25% of adults have a Probe Patent Foramen Ovale
Probe Patent Foramen Ovale
Hole in the Fossa Ovalis of the Sinus Venarum that is present in 25% of adults
What is the structure of the Left Atrium?
Smooth walled with NO Pectinate muscles
What are the Openings and Valves of the Left Ventricle?
- Thebesian Veins
- Left AV Valve/Mitral Valve/Bicuspid
- Aortic Semilunar Valve
What are the Openings and Valves of the Right Ventricle?
- Thebesian Veins
- Right AV Valve/Tricuspid
- Pulmonary Semilunar Valve
Trabeculae Carneae
Irregular Muscular Ridges extending into the ventricles of the heart (pillars, columns, or bridges)
What are Papillary Muscles? How many do the Right and Left Ventricles have?
- Muscles of the Ventricles attaching to the Chordae Tendinea; Trabeculae covered by endocardium
- The Right Ventricle has 3 and the Left Ventricle has 2.
Septomarginal Trabeculae/Moderator Band
Connects 1 papillary muscle in the Right Ventricle to the interventricular septum
Conus Arteriosus
Narrowing down of the Right Ventricle as it enters the Pulmonary Trunk
Coronary (Atrioventricular) Groove
Groove Separating Ventricles and Atria of the heart
Interventricular Grooves
Anterior and Posterior Interventricular Grooves separating the ventricles
Types of Fat
- Epicardial: Deep to Visceral Pericardium
2. Extrapericardial: In Fibrous Pericardium
Valvular Apparatus of AV Valves
- Fibrous Ring: Dense CT
- Valve Proper/Cusps: 3 in Rigth Ventricle and 2 in Left Ventricle
- Chordae Tendinea
- Papillary Muscles: 3 in Right Ventricle and 2 in Left ventricle; prevent prolapse
Valvular Apparatus of Semilunar Valves
- 3 Cusps: Flaps or “Pocket Valves”
- 1 Nodule and 2 Lunula per cusp
- 3 Sinuses: Pulmonary or Aortic
When do the Coronary Arteries fill?
When the Left Ventricle Relaxes
Where is the SA Node located?
Anterolateral surface of the heart near the junction of the SVC and the Right Atrium (Superior to the Sulcus Terminalis)
Where is the AV Node located?
In the posteroinferior interatrial septum
Where are the Sympathetics and Parasympathetics to the Heart from?
- Sympathetics: Cervical and Thoracic Ganglia
- Parasympathetics: Vagus Nerve
