health promo Flashcards
infants: discipline
yes - redirection, boundaries, safety, get attention
infant: pacifier
personal choice
pros: comfort, need to suck when they dont need to eat
cons: dirty, hard to discontinue, decrease breast feeding, dental problems, nipple confusion
infant: shoes
preference, shoeless sometimes better for balance
infant: sleep
3-4 mo: 9-12 hrs/night with 2 daytime naps
infant: activity
active and curious, avoid excessive playpen use, swings, etc
stim necessary for brain dev
let them be on floor
infant: teeth
eruption of primary, age varies but order predictable, lower central incisors first - upper central incisors
first 2 years: months old - 6 = # of teeth
teach brushing
s/s: swollen gums, finger sucking or biting, difficulty sleeping, decreased appetite, low grade fever
parents: avoid old wives tales, cold, anesthetic ointments used with caution, analgesics used only as directed
infant: prevent unintentional injuries
dishwashers, latex balloons, ranges/stoves, soft bedding, hand me down baby gear, grandmas purse, bath seats and rings, baby oil/powder (pna), dog, power windows
infant: falls
never leave unattended on raised surface
crib safety: side rails, windows, climbing items, pull up at 9 mo
infant seats, equipment, windows, stairs, walkers
infants: burns
sun (sunscreen after 6 mo, PABA free, >15 spf)
fireplace, hot liquids, electricity, heaters, fires
infants: swallow/choke
keep small items out of reach, bottles, powder, toys
pincer grasp
infants: suffocate/strangulate
pillow, blanket, large stuffed animals
cobedding, strings, window shades, toys, clothing, sleep on back
infants: motor vehicles
be good role model, never leave unattended, never hold in lap, keep doors and windows locked, dont be distracted, seat - back seat facing back, 5 point until 2
infants: bio/chm agents
germs (wash hands), drugs, toxins, cig (2nd or 3rd hand) - infection, asthma, aches
infants: lead
sources: pain, soil, dust, water, crystal, pottery, toys, air (cars)
s/s: brain, CNS, blood, kidneys
vulnerability: weight/air proportion, breath closer to ground, dust raising play and hand to mouth, increased GI absorption, mouth breathing increased absorption
advice: clean play areas, dont remove paint yourself, no lead hobbies at home, dont burn painted wood or colored paper, balanced diet (Ca, Fe, vit c), boil water before, treated with chelating agents - combine with irons for rapid and safe excretion
toddler: sibling rivalry
time is vague concept, avoid unrealistic expectations, allow them to participate, avoid extra stressors, dont compare, visitors
toddler: temper tantrum
consistency among caregivers, developmentally appropriate expectations and rewards, reasonable consequences, ignore
toddler: negativism and regression
reduce opportunities for negativism
give choice
ignore regression and praise existing patterns of appropriate behavior
toddler: discipline
need clear guidelines and expectations
types: distract and divert, encourage cooperation, structure, set limits, positive reinforcement, spanking not recommended
toddlers: alternatives for spanking
firm but kind, pause, teach, +, explanations not threats, be flexible, drop out of power struggle, refuse to get angry, be smart, offer incentives, time out
toddler: time out
3 yrs +
1 min/yr
discuss behavior after
discipline must occur at time of incident
be discrete - self esteem
toddler: readiness for toilet training
voluntary sphincter control, dry for 2 hrs, regular bowel movements
gross motor skills - walk, sit, squat
fine motor - remove clothes
cognitive skills, willingness to please, curiosity about adults and sibling toilet habits, impatient with wet or soiled diapers, parent readiness
toddler: toilet training anticipatory guidance
prep child, potty seat, limit practice times, dress appropriately, freq reminders, good hygiene, reinforce sense of accomplishment, consistency is vital
toddler: sleep and activity
need 12 hrs/day an 1 nap
sleep problems common
tourine
transitional objects (blanket, animal)
encourage activity
toddler: dental
regular exams, remove plaque, fluoride, low cariogenic diet
never too early to start
toddler: MVA
federally approved car restraint (5 point, backseat), supervise while outside, supervise tricycle riding, keep fences and doors locked, teach child to obey traffic rules
toddler: drowning
supervise closely, bathroom doors closed and toilet lid down, fence around swimming pools with locked gate, teach swimming and water safety
toddler: burns
sun, fireplace, hot liquids, electricity, heaters, fires
same as infant
toddler: poisoning
lock toxins, caution against eating plants, drugs are not candy, never reuse containers or remove labels, dont play in trash, have poison control #
toddler: choke and suffocate
foods (cut), toys, old appliances, toy box or chest, garage door transmitter, drawstrings
toddler: falls
crib safety, equip, windows, doors, porches, balconies, bleachers, floors, bathtub, stairs, supervise at playgrounds
toddler: bodily damage
sharp, lollipop and popsicles - sit down to eat dont run, tools, weapons, animals, identification (their name and parents name), stranger danger
toddler: sex ed
find out what child knows and thinks
be honest
toddler: preschool and kindergarten
assess readiness: age, physical ability, cognitive and social dev
prep child for transition
toddler: speech
prevention and early detection
2-4 is most critical
stuttering - okay, just slow down
toddler: important numbers
911, phone # and address
school aged: school experience
2nd only to fam as socializing
transmit society values
peer relationships important
teachers and parents have powerful impact
school aged: improve performance
set aside place for work, show interest, read with child, ensure good sleep and eating, participate in activities, meet teachers, be available to help
school aged: latchkey children
self care before or after school
increased risk for injury, stress, delinquent behavior
need specific guidelines: no stove, who to call when, can friends come over, homework, snacks
community services
school aged: fam relationships
reject parent values while testing new values of peer group
eventual incorporation of parental values if found of value
need to be tolerant of this
need firm secure anchor of parental interest and concern
school aged: dishonest behavior
lying, cheating, stealing - normal to avoid punishment
school aged: sexuality
sense of sexuality develops, appearance and dress, answer Q’s honestly, teach parents ways to promote development of + sexuality
school aged: social
peer relationships
help parents facilitate relationships: allow friends to come over, provide transportation for child and friends, mediate risk factors
school aged: peer pressure
what do your friends try to get you to do?, what do you do?, what do you want to do?, who can you talk to?
dress code
role play
school aged: bullying
aggressive behavior intended to cause harm, imbalance of power, repeated
verbal, name calling, threats, rumors, social exclusion, physical
risk for long term psychological disturbances and psychiatric symptoms
prevention programs, school programs, nursing interventions, help children deal
school aged: physical activity
refine skills: hand eye coordination, muscle strength, agility, speed
best accomplished through organized/team activities
benefits: socialization, better self esteem, weight control, increased physical ability
60 min/day
start sports early
provide different levels of participation
school aged: oral health
pattern of primary tooth shedding varies, most lost 1st tooth ~6
jaw line elongates and teeth move into new positions
need supervision for oral care - brush BID, floss qD, 2xyear dental visit, goos snack choices
school aged: sleep
avg 9.5 hrs during school but highly individualized
8-1 may resist going to bed
night terrors/sleep walking/enuresis
sleep assessment
teach child and parents good sleep hygiene
school aged: injury prevention
boys more
bike related
chores, lawn mowers
take risk for social acceptance
safety equipment for all sports
motor vehicle crashes and pedestrian !!!
school aged: auto safety
back seat under 12
20-40 lbs: harness straps snug and come through back of seat over shoulder, no shields
40-80 lbs: belt positioning booster seat
seat belts: 80lbs and >4’9”
adolescent: health
developmentally based sense of curiosity and movement toward autonomy provide good opportunities for health promo
view of health differs from adult
interest and concerns?
reluctant to seek care
adolescent: morbidity/mortality rf
poverty, neighborhood violence, parental abuse or neglect, parental divorce, being rained for a grade in school, drug or alcohol use, smoking cig, problems with criminal justice system
adolescent: factors that promote health and well being
ability to adapt to new people/situations
satisfactory early cognitive and academic dev - honor roll
extracurricular, summer job, going to library, support from caring adult
adolescent: peer relationships
significant role, provide sense of belonging and feeling of strength and power, form transitional world between dependence and autonomy
technology as a social environment
adolescent: promote safety and injury prevention
MVA: experience and maturity, follow too close, speed, text, OH, other teen passengers
homicide: AA
adolescent: injury prevention strategies
motor and non motor: pedestrian, passenger, driver
drowning, burns, poisoning, bodily damage
adolescent: sexual behaviors
unintentional teen pregnancies had decreased but are rising
STI and HIV rates increased
factors: multiple partners, no condom
guidance: teach responsible practices, abstinence, discuss how STIs are transmitted and the consequences, ways to reduce risk factors, offer + reinforcement
adolescent: prevent drug use
experimentation common
drinking and driving leading COD
young smokers are more likely to be heavy smokers (illness, death)
implicated in delinquency, absenteeism, dropping out of school, decreased academic performance, early sexual behaviors
adolescent: interventions
ask about prior experimentation
discuss short term effects (school performance, smell, yellow teeth)
role play how to resist peer pressure
help develop cessation plans
encourage parents to express view
adolescent: depression and suicide
lots of stress - may be unable to balance with coping
depression, substance use/abuse, increased risk taking
counselors
depression common, ask, suicide risk screen, refer to mental health specialist or immediate supervision and referral
adolescent: warning signs of suicide risk
behavior: risk taking, alienation, giving away items, writing content with suicidal stuff
cognitive and mood changes: hopeless, dramatic swings in affect, sleep, preoccupation with death, difficulty [], hearing voices, seeing things or people
adolescent: suicide prevention
effective coping, early recognition of depression and stress, social problems
CDC: school and community gatekeeper training, general suicide education, peer support programs, crisis center hotlines, restrict access to lethal means, intervene after attempt
adolescent: prevent abuse
examine messages in videos, songs, movies, TV
date rape
availability of weapons
has any one hurt you
