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Anatomy Year 2 - Robbie > Head and Neck Week 2 - wet room > Flashcards

Head and Neck Week 2 - wet room Flashcards

1
Q

what is the first prt of the respiratory tract?

A

nose

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2
Q

what are the functions of the nose?

A

traps dirt

warms and humidifies inspired air

drainage and clears parnasal sinuses and lacrimal ducts

olfaction (smell)

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3
Q

What space does the nose continue with posteriorly

A

nasopharynx

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4
Q

what are the functions of the larynx?

A

open valve in respiration

partially closed valve whose orifice can be modulated in phonation

closed valve protecting trachea and bronchial tree during deglutition (swallowing)

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5
Q

Where does the pharynx extend from and to?

A

base of skull to oesophagus

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6
Q

What actions in the pharynx important in?

A

swallowing (direct food into oesophagus)

breathing (direct air into larynx)

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7
Q

What are the 3 parts of the pharynx?

A

nasopharynx - lying behind the nasal fossae and above the soft palate

oropharynx - lying behind anterior pillars of the fauces

hypopharynx - lying behind larynx

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8
Q

Where does the trachea begin?

A

begins from the lower border of the larynx (lower border of the cricoid cartilage, C6 vertebra)

lies anterior to the oesophagus

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9
Q

Where does the oesophagus begin?

A

C6 vertebra from the lower part of the pharynx

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10
Q

Study this image

A
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11
Q

which bone do the bones that form the nasal bridge articulate with superiorly?

A

frontal

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12
Q

What forms the roof of the nose (anterior to posterior)

A

nasal bones

part of frontal bone

ethmoid bone

body of sphenoid

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13
Q

The part of the ethmoid bone that contributes to the roof of the nasal cavity contains the _____________

A

cribriform plate

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14
Q

What forms the floor of the nasal cavity?

A

formed by the palatine processes of the maxillae and the palatine bones which forms the hard palate

the floor of the nasal cavity is extended posteriorly by the soft palate

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15
Q

The nasal septum divides the nasal cavity into two halves, what makes the nasal septum

A

bones: vomer and the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone

anterior to these 2 bones is cartilage

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16
Q

deviated nasal septum is common and if severe can lead to obstruction of one side of the nasal cavity

what consequence might this have on drainage form the paranasal air sinuses?

A

blockage leads to stagnation leading to sinusitis

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17
Q

What are the parts of the ethmoid bone?

A

cribriform plate

crista gali

central plate

superior and middle turbinates

ethmoid air cells

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18
Q

what passes through the cribriform plate?

A

olfactory nerve

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19
Q

what attaches to the crista gali?

A

falx cerebri (fold of the dura mater)

20
Q

What kind of epithelium forms the respiratory mucosa which lines most of the nasal cavity?

A

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

21
Q

the roof of the nasal cavity is lined by olfactory mucosa

which cranial nerve, responsible for sense of smell, innervates this mucosa?

A

I

22
Q

which plate of bone is lying on the roof of the cranial cavity do axons of this nerve pass through to enter into the cranial cavity?

A

cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone

23
Q

what is found on the lateral all of the nasal cavity?

A

three projections called conchae/turbinates

space inferior ro each is called a meatus

24
Q

what is the name given to the space above the superior turbinate?

A

sphenoethmoidal recess

25
Q

inferior turbinate is a seperate bone, what bone are the superior and middle turbinates part of?

A

ethmoid bone

26
Q

What is the blood supply like in the nose?

A

rich arteril supply from branches of the opthalmicc artery (itself a branch of the ICA) and also branches of the ECA

venous drainage is via a venous plexus

(page 34 in anatomy booklet)

27
Q

what implications does the rich vacular supply of the nose have for a comon clinical condition?

A

nose bleeding easily

28
Q

What are the paranasal sinuses?

A

a group of 4 paired air-filled spaces that surround the nasal cavity

29
Q

what are the functions of the paranasal sinuses?

A

reservoir of warm humid air

lighten skull

crumple zones

vocal resonance

lined with same respiratory mucosa - immune barrier

humidifies and warms air

30
Q

what is the clinical significance of this fact:

respiratory mucosa similar to and continous with that linig the nasal cavity lines the paranasal sinuses

A

immune barrier

same continuous lining as nose so infection in nose can easy spread to the sinuses

31
Q

what opens in to the spheno-ethmoid recess

A

sphenoid sinus

32
Q

what drains into the superior meatus?

A

posterior ethmoid air cells

33
Q

what drains into the middle meatus?

A

maxillary sinus

frontal sinus

anterior ethmoid air cells

posterior ethmoid air cells

34
Q

what drains into the inferior meatus?

A

nasolacrimal duct

35
Q

due to it being lines by secretory mucosa, it is essential that these sinuses are able to drain freely into the nasal cavity. Unfortunatley for one sinus, its opening is not at its most inferiorly part and therefore secretions form this sinus do not drain well, name this sinus?

A

maxillary

36
Q

name the air sinus whose floor is often indented by tooth sockets?

A

maxillary

37
Q

what is sinusitis?

A

sinus inflammation (sinusitis) is a common condition which can result in blockage of the sinus opening into the nasal cavity subsequently resulting in severe sinus pain. the pain sensation is carried by branches of the trigeminal nerve innervating the sinus

38
Q

name the branches of CN V that innervate the following air sinus:

forntal air sinus

A

V1

39
Q

name the branches of CN V that innervate the following air sinus:

maxillary air sinus

A

V2

40
Q

name the branches of CN V that innervate the following air sinus:

sphenoid air sinus

A

V1 + V2

41
Q

name the branches of CN V that innervate the following air sinus:

ethmoidal air cells

A

V1

42
Q

the nasopharynx lies above the _________, which cuts it off from the rest of the pharynx during deglutition and therefore prevents regurgitation of food through the nose

A

soft palate

43
Q

What bones form the roff of the nasopharynx?

A

underside of sphenoid and basal part of the occipital bone

44
Q

What important structures lie in the nasopharynx?

A

colllection of lymphoid tisue beneath the epithelium of the roof and posterior wall of the nasopharynx called the adenoids or nasopharyngeal tonsil

the orifice of the eustachian tube lies on the side-wa;; of the nasopharynx level with the floor of the nose. the posterior lip of the opening is prominent, due to the underlying cartilage and a muclse called the salpingopharyngeal arch

45
Q

what is the clinical relevance of the adenoids?

A

prominent in children but undergo atrophy after puberty

when chronically inflamed they may all but fill the nasopharynx, causing mouth-breathing

46
Q

what is the clinical relevance of the eustacian tube?

A

provides a ready pathway of sepsis from the pharynx to the middle ear and accounts for the frequences with which otitis media complicates infections of the throat

Anatomy Year 2 - Robbie (17 decks)

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