Head and Neck Week 2 - wet room Flashcards
what is the first prt of the respiratory tract?
nose
what are the functions of the nose?
traps dirt
warms and humidifies inspired air
drainage and clears parnasal sinuses and lacrimal ducts
olfaction (smell)
What space does the nose continue with posteriorly
nasopharynx
what are the functions of the larynx?
open valve in respiration
partially closed valve whose orifice can be modulated in phonation
closed valve protecting trachea and bronchial tree during deglutition (swallowing)
Where does the pharynx extend from and to?
base of skull to oesophagus
What actions in the pharynx important in?
swallowing (direct food into oesophagus)
breathing (direct air into larynx)
What are the 3 parts of the pharynx?
nasopharynx - lying behind the nasal fossae and above the soft palate
oropharynx - lying behind anterior pillars of the fauces
hypopharynx - lying behind larynx
Where does the trachea begin?
begins from the lower border of the larynx (lower border of the cricoid cartilage, C6 vertebra)
lies anterior to the oesophagus
Where does the oesophagus begin?
C6 vertebra from the lower part of the pharynx
Study this image
which bone do the bones that form the nasal bridge articulate with superiorly?
frontal
What forms the roof of the nose (anterior to posterior)
nasal bones
part of frontal bone
ethmoid bone
body of sphenoid
The part of the ethmoid bone that contributes to the roof of the nasal cavity contains the _____________
cribriform plate
What forms the floor of the nasal cavity?
formed by the palatine processes of the maxillae and the palatine bones which forms the hard palate
the floor of the nasal cavity is extended posteriorly by the soft palate
The nasal septum divides the nasal cavity into two halves, what makes the nasal septum
bones: vomer and the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone
anterior to these 2 bones is cartilage
deviated nasal septum is common and if severe can lead to obstruction of one side of the nasal cavity
what consequence might this have on drainage form the paranasal air sinuses?
blockage leads to stagnation leading to sinusitis
What are the parts of the ethmoid bone?
cribriform plate
crista gali
central plate
superior and middle turbinates
ethmoid air cells
what passes through the cribriform plate?
olfactory nerve
what attaches to the crista gali?
falx cerebri (fold of the dura mater)
What kind of epithelium forms the respiratory mucosa which lines most of the nasal cavity?
ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
the roof of the nasal cavity is lined by olfactory mucosa
which cranial nerve, responsible for sense of smell, innervates this mucosa?
I
which plate of bone is lying on the roof of the cranial cavity do axons of this nerve pass through to enter into the cranial cavity?
cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone
what is found on the lateral all of the nasal cavity?
three projections called conchae/turbinates
space inferior ro each is called a meatus
what is the name given to the space above the superior turbinate?
sphenoethmoidal recess
inferior turbinate is a seperate bone, what bone are the superior and middle turbinates part of?
ethmoid bone
What is the blood supply like in the nose?
rich arteril supply from branches of the opthalmicc artery (itself a branch of the ICA) and also branches of the ECA
venous drainage is via a venous plexus
(page 34 in anatomy booklet)
what implications does the rich vacular supply of the nose have for a comon clinical condition?
nose bleeding easily
What are the paranasal sinuses?
a group of 4 paired air-filled spaces that surround the nasal cavity
what are the functions of the paranasal sinuses?
reservoir of warm humid air
lighten skull
crumple zones
vocal resonance
lined with same respiratory mucosa - immune barrier
humidifies and warms air
what is the clinical significance of this fact:
respiratory mucosa similar to and continous with that linig the nasal cavity lines the paranasal sinuses
immune barrier
same continuous lining as nose so infection in nose can easy spread to the sinuses
what opens in to the spheno-ethmoid recess
sphenoid sinus
what drains into the superior meatus?
posterior ethmoid air cells
what drains into the middle meatus?
maxillary sinus
frontal sinus
anterior ethmoid air cells
posterior ethmoid air cells
what drains into the inferior meatus?
nasolacrimal duct
due to it being lines by secretory mucosa, it is essential that these sinuses are able to drain freely into the nasal cavity. Unfortunatley for one sinus, its opening is not at its most inferiorly part and therefore secretions form this sinus do not drain well, name this sinus?
maxillary
name the air sinus whose floor is often indented by tooth sockets?
maxillary
what is sinusitis?
sinus inflammation (sinusitis) is a common condition which can result in blockage of the sinus opening into the nasal cavity subsequently resulting in severe sinus pain. the pain sensation is carried by branches of the trigeminal nerve innervating the sinus
name the branches of CN V that innervate the following air sinus:
forntal air sinus
V1
name the branches of CN V that innervate the following air sinus:
maxillary air sinus
V2
name the branches of CN V that innervate the following air sinus:
sphenoid air sinus
V1 + V2
name the branches of CN V that innervate the following air sinus:
ethmoidal air cells
V1
the nasopharynx lies above the _________, which cuts it off from the rest of the pharynx during deglutition and therefore prevents regurgitation of food through the nose
soft palate
What bones form the roff of the nasopharynx?
underside of sphenoid and basal part of the occipital bone
What important structures lie in the nasopharynx?
colllection of lymphoid tisue beneath the epithelium of the roof and posterior wall of the nasopharynx called the adenoids or nasopharyngeal tonsil
the orifice of the eustachian tube lies on the side-wa;; of the nasopharynx level with the floor of the nose. the posterior lip of the opening is prominent, due to the underlying cartilage and a muclse called the salpingopharyngeal arch
what is the clinical relevance of the adenoids?
prominent in children but undergo atrophy after puberty
when chronically inflamed they may all but fill the nasopharynx, causing mouth-breathing
what is the clinical relevance of the eustacian tube?
provides a ready pathway of sepsis from the pharynx to the middle ear and accounts for the frequences with which otitis media complicates infections of the throat
