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Anatomy Year 2 - Robbie > Brain and spinal cord - week 1 dry room > Flashcards

Brain and spinal cord - week 1 dry room Flashcards

1
Q

1

A

anterior cerebral arteries

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2
Q

2

A

anterior communicating arteries

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3
Q

3

A

opthalmic arteries

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4
Q

4

A

internal carotid arteries

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5
Q

5

A

middle cerebral artery

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6
Q

6

A

posteiror communicating artery

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7
Q

7

A

posterior cerebral artery

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8
Q

8

A

superior cerebellar artery

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9
Q

9

A

basilar artery

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10
Q

10

A

labyrinthine artery

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11
Q

11

A

anterior inferior cerebellar artery

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12
Q

12

A

posterior inferior cerebellar artery

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13
Q

13

A

vertebral artery

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14
Q

14

A

anterior spinal artery

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15
Q

fomr which arteries do the left and right vertebral arties arise?

A

subclavian arteries

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16
Q

at what vertebral level do the left and right internal carotid arteries arise?

A

C3/4

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17
Q

how is the basilar artery formed and which part of the brainstem is it most closely related to?

A

when the 2 vertebral arteries join

PONS

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18
Q

what arteries complete the posterior of the Cirlce of Willis by linking the internal carotid arteries to the posterior cerebral arteries?

A

posterior communicating artery

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19
Q

which artery completes the anterior Circle of Willis by linking the anterior cerebral arteries?

A

anterior communicating artery

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20
Q

in which fissure/groove/sulcus of the brain do the following travel:

anterior cerebral artery

middle cerebral artery

posteiror cerebral artery

A

anterior cerebral artery - longitudinal fissure

middle cerebral artery - lateral sulcus/fissure

posteiror cerebral artery - transverse fissure

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21
Q

what artery is responsible for supplying each area?

A

blue - anterior cerebral artery

red - middle cerebral artery

green - posterior cerebral artery

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22
Q

what supplies the primary motor cortex?

A

middle cerebral artery and a small bit of cerebral artery

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23
Q

what supplies the primary sensory area?

A

middle cerebral artery

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24
Q

what supplies the primary visual cortex?

A

calcarine branch of the posterior cerebral artery

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25
Q

what supplies the primary auditory area?

A

middle cerebral artery

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26
Q

what supplies the area of olfaction?

A

anterior cerebral artery

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27
Q

which parts of the brain does the vertebro-basilar system supply?

A

brain stem

cerebellum

occipital lobes

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28
Q

which artery runs immediatley superior to the superior cerebellar arteries?

A

posterior cerebral artery

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29
Q

which cranial nerve emerges form jsut above the superior cerebellar artery?

A

trochlear nerve (CN IV)

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30
Q

aneurysms of the posterior cerebral artery are common at this location, often resulting in palsy of the cranial nerve III emerging just below

what are the clinical manifestations of palsy of this cranial nerve?

A

ptosis - dropping of upper eye lid

eyeballd abducted and pointing down

no pupillary reflex

no accomiidation of the lens

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31
Q

what is a carotid sinus?

A

this is a dilation located on the terminal part of the common carotid artery (or the proximal part of the ICA). It is a pressure receptor which monitors the flow of blood to the head, including the brain. Sensory nerves from the carotid sinus run in the glossopharyngeal nerve and vagus nerve

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32
Q

what is a carotid body?

A

This is an area on the posterior wall of the terminal part of the common arotid artery in the neck. It contains chemoreceptors which are sensitive to low oxygen levels (anoxia). Sensory nerves from these receptors run in the glossopharyngeal nerve. Detection of anoxia will stimulate increased heart rate, respiration rate and blood pressure

33
Q

what are sympathetic motor nerves?

A

from the superior cervical ganglion and form a plexus around the internal carotid artery. This plexus enters the skull, with the artery, through the carotid canal, and continues along the main branches of the internal carotid artery

34
Q

the brain is drained by veins which drain into ______________

A

dural venous sinuses

35
Q

where are these sinuses present?

A

between the periosteum and the cranial dura

36
Q

what 2 groups are cerebral veins often divided into and what is an example?

A

superficial and depp groups

an example of the deep group is the great cerebral vein (of Galen)

37
Q

a

A

opthalmic canal/sphenoparietal sinuses

38
Q

b

A

cavernous sinus

39
Q

c

A

petrosal sinus: superior + inferior

40
Q

d

A

sigmoid sinus

41
Q

e

A

transverse sinus

42
Q

f

A

confluence of sinus

43
Q

g

A

straight sinus

44
Q

h

A

inferior saggital sinus

45
Q

i

A

superior saggital sinus

46
Q

into what vein in the neck do these dural venous sinuses drain into?

A

IJV

47
Q

through which foramen in the skull does the vein you have named above pass?

A

jugular foramen

48
Q

the veins in the brain and cranial venous sinuses do not have valves to prevent backflow of blood form outside the cranium back into the cranium

what are some important connections between intracranial venous sinuses and extracranial venous network?

A
  1. superior opthalmic vein drains into the cavernous sinus within the cranial cavity. On the outside of the cranial cavity it is continuous with the facial vein
  2. emissary veins are small veins that connect the cranial venous sinuses with the diploe of the skull containing the blood sinuses in the bone marrow of the diploe which in turn are continuous with the veins in the superficial fascia overlying the outer part of the skull and scalp
  3. the inferior petrosal sinuses lie at the base of the brain and are connected to each other (left and right) by the basilar sinus. This small sinus also communicates inferiorly with the internal vertebral sinus
49
Q

what vein drains into the cavernous sinus?

A

opthalmic vein

50
Q

what structures in the base of the skull is closely related ot the cavernous sinus?

A

optic chiasm

CN III, IV, V1, VI

Pituitary gland

ICA

51
Q

cavernous sinus thrombosis (CST) is a clinical condition due to a spreading of infection form the nse, sinuses, ears or teeth. Reflect on how infections may spread to it from these regions

A

opthalmic veins (valveless)

52
Q

CST results in bulging eyes and a loss of vision, why?

and also paralysis of the nerves coursing through it

A

increased IOP

53
Q

name all the grooves in the skull from venous sinuses

A

a - occipital

b - superior saggital

c - cavernous

d - sigmoid

e - transverse

f - confluence of sinuses

54
Q

branches from which arteries fuse to form the anterior spinal artery?

A

veretebral arteries

55
Q

which arteries are the posterior spinal arteries branches of?

A

mainly posterior inferior cerebellar artery but can be vertebral artery

56
Q

what is the internal vertebral (epidural) venous plexus?

A

the longitudinally orientated anterior and posterior spinal veins communicate freely with rach other and join to form the internal vertebral venous plexus which lies in the epidural space

this plexus of veins passes superiorly within the vertebral canal through the foramen magnum to communicate with the dural sinuses and veins within the skull

the internal vertebral venous plexus also communicates with the external vertebral venous plexus on the external surface of the vertebrae

57
Q

what fluid circulates in the subarachnoid space?

A

CSF

58
Q

what other structes are present in the subarachnoid space?

A

blood vessels

59
Q

what is the midline vetical sheet of dura called and what is the horizontal sheet of dura called?

A

falx cerebri

tentorium cerebeli

60
Q

what structures doed the falx cerebri separate?

A

cerebral hemispheres

61
Q

to which bony structures the falx cerebri attach anteriorly?

A

crista gali of the ethmoud bone and the clinoid processes (anterior + posterior)

62
Q

which dural venous sinus runs within the upper border of the falx cerebri?

A

superior sagittal sinus

63
Q

which dural venous sinus runs within the lower border of the falx cerebri?

A

inferior saggital sinus

64
Q

what structures lie on either side of the tentorium cerebelli?

A

cerebellum and occipital lobes

65
Q

to what bony points does the anterior edge of the tentorium cerebelli attach to?

A

petorus part of the temporal bone

clinoid processes of the pshenoid bone

66
Q

which dural venous sinus runs along the attachment of the falx cerebri to the tentorium?

A

straight sinus

67
Q

what is the dural fold that seperates the 2 cerebellar hemispheres called?

A

falx cerebelli

68
Q

what is the fold of sura that surrounds the two cerebellar hemispheres called?

A

diaphragma sellae

69
Q

what is the arterial supply of dura mater?

A

form branches of numberous arteries including the ICA, branches of the ECA and vertebral arteries

70
Q

one of the clinically important meningeal arteries in the middle meningeal artery

this is a specific branch of the maxillary artery that supplies the dura mater

through which foramen in the skull does it enter the cranial cavity?

A

foramen spinosum

71
Q

which artery is the maxillar artery a terminal branch of and within which glandular strucutre is it give off?

A

ECA

parotid gland

72
Q

ventricles are interconnected spaces/cavities that lie within the brain

the central canal of the spinal cord is a continuation of the ventricular system within that structure

what embryological structures are these spaces formed from?

A

hole in the neural tube

73
Q

what part of the brain do the following lie within?

anterior horn of lateral ventricle

body of lateral ventricle

posterior horn of lateral ventricle

inferior horn of lateral ventricle

interventricular foramen (foramen of munro)

3rd ventricle

cerebral aqueduct (of the midbrain)

4th ventricle

A

anterior horn of lateral ventricle - frontal lobe

body of lateral ventricle - parietal lobe

posterior horn of lateral ventricle - occipital lobe

inferior horn of lateral ventricle - temporal lobe

interventricular foramen (foramen of munro) - between frontal lobe and diencephalon

3rd ventricle - diencephalon

cerebral aqueduct (of the midbrain) - midbrain

4th ventricle - between PONS + medulla infront and the cerebellum at the back

74
Q

what is the name given to the specialised strucutres that lie in the ventricles that generate CSF?

A

choroid plexus

75
Q

how does CSF pass into the subarachnid space form the 4th ventricle?

A

three small foramina to subarachnoid space

(cirlce in diagram)

76
Q

at which location is the CSF resorbed back into the general circulation?

A

arachnoid villi in saggital sinus

77
Q

what makes the identations on either side of the superior saggital sinus?

A

arachnoid villi/granulations

78
Q

if circulation of CSF is restricted then increase of inracerebral pressure. In infancy, congenital defects in circulation lead to a progressive enlargement of the head and a reciprocal reduction in cerebral matter. This conditions is known as hydrocephalus and can occur in isolation or as part of spina bifida. This is a very treatable conditions using a tube known as a shunt to redirect the fluid out of the cerebral circulation into the deep venous system. In later life disruption of CSF circulation can also be associated with trauma and will not result in the enlargement of the head. What do you think would result in with respect to the brain?

A

increases pressure on the brain and pushes it through the foramen magnum resulting in coning causing constriction of the medulla

Anatomy Year 2 - Robbie (17 decks)

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