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Anatomy Year 2 - Robbie > Brain and spinal cord - Week 1 Wet Room > Flashcards

Brain and spinal cord - Week 1 Wet Room Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 parts of the brain stem form superior to inferior?

A

midbrain

PONS

medulla

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2
Q

which cranial fossa does the brainstem lie?

A

posterior cranial fossa

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3
Q

which 2 vesicles of the neural tube gives rise to the brainstem embryologically?

A

mesencephalon (midbrin)

rhombencephalon (hindbrain)

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4
Q

what are the cavities (of the ventricular system) that lie within the brainstem?

A

IV ventricle

cerebral aqueduct

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5
Q

what is the groove that seperates the PONS from the medulla?

A

pontomedullar junction

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6
Q

which cranial nerves can you see emerging from the pontomedullary junction?

A

CN VI - abducens nerve

CN VII - facial nerve

CN VIII - vestibulocochlear nerve

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7
Q

which cranial nerve that emerges from the pontomedullary junction has the longest intracranial course?

A

abducens nerve

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8
Q

the long intracranial nerve course of the abducens nerve makes it vulnerable to injury by increased intracranial pressure or other mechanical factors such as intracranial fractures of cerebral artery aneurysms

what would be the consequence of this nerve being injured?

A

cant abduct eye

can be misleading clinical presentation and is hence called as a false localising sign

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9
Q

what is the following strucutres of the medulla made of:

pyramids

decussation of the pyramids

olive

A

pyramids - main tract for motor fibres

decussation of the pyramids - fibres crossing form one side to snother (motor)

olive - involved in motor function

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10
Q

posteriorly on the medulla, there are parts of the medulla known as the open and closed part and which is superior and inferior?

A

open - superior

closed - inferior

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11
Q

what does the open part of the medulla open onto?

A

IV ventricle

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12
Q

through which foramen doed the medulla pass to become the spinal cord?

A

foramen magnum

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13
Q

on the surface of the PONS there is the origin of the trigeminal nerve and also the middle cerebral peducle which is made up of what?

A

crossed afferent fibres - fibres going back and forth form the midbrain to the cerebellum

centripetal fibres - i.e. incoming fibers

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14
Q

what is immediatley superior to the midbrain and what is inferior?

A

hpyothalamus

PONS

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15
Q

what kind of fibres make up the cerebral peduncles and where are they destined for?

A

motor fibres

rest of the body

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16
Q

what are surface features of the midbrain?

A

cerebral peduncles

superior nd inferior colliculi

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17
Q

what is the superior and inferior colliculi inolved in?

A

superior - visual reflexes

inferior- audiation/hearing, acts as the channel for almost all auditory signals in the human body

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18
Q

what make sup the dienchephalon?

A

thalamus and hypothalamus

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19
Q

what are the surface projections of the hypothalamus called?

A

optic chiasm

pituitary stalks

mammilary bodies (The mammillary bodies are a pair of small round bodies, located on the undersurface of the brain that, as part of the diencephalon, form part of the limbic system)

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20
Q

what is the pineal gland?

A

A small endocrine gland in the brain of most vertebrates. The pineal gland produces melatonin, a serotonin-derived hormone which modulates sleep patterns in both circadian and seasonal cycles

just baove the colliculi

21
Q

what is the name given to the midline structures connecting the 2 cerebellar hemispheres?

A

vermis

22
Q

what are the lobes of the cerebellum?

A
23
Q

what are the names of the cerebellar peduncles?

A

superior

middle

inferior

24
Q

what is the name of the ventricular psace that lies immediatley anterior to the cerebellum?

A

fourth ventricle

25
Q

name the cranial fossa that the cerebellum is in contact with

A

posterior cranial fossa

26
Q

identify the foramen in the skull that the cerebellum sits above?

A

foramen magnum

27
Q

what part of the cerebellum sits atop the foramen magnum?

and what may happen to it is there is a sudden drop of intracranial pressure?

A

cerebellar tonsils

the tonsils may herniate through the foramen magnum causing cerebellar coning

28
Q

what is the name of the large fissure separating the two cerebral hemispheres

A

longitudinal fissures

29
Q

The corpus callosum is a large, C-shaped nerve fiber bundle found beneath the cerebral cortex. It stretches across the midline of the brain, connecting the left and right cerebral hemispheres. It makes up the largest collection of white matter tissue found in the brain. What type of fibres are most likely to be carried in the corpus callosum?

A

commissural fibres

30
Q

the cerebral hemispheres sit on the floor of the anterior and middle cranial fossa however posteriorly, the cerebral heispheres sit on what?

A

the tentorium cerebelli which is a fold of the dura mater which covers over the cerebellum

31
Q

what lobe contains the primary motor cortex?

A

forntal lobe - pre-central gyrus

32
Q

what lobe contains the primary visual cortex?

A

occipital lobe - calcarine sulcus

33
Q

what lobe contains the primary sensory cortex?

A

parietal lobe - post-central gyrus

34
Q

what lobe contains the primary auditory cortex?

A

temporal lobe - superior temporal gyrus

35
Q

what part of a vertebrae can be removed to open up the spinal cord?

A

lamina

36
Q

what muscle overlies the lamina

A

deep erector spinae

37
Q

what ligament may be encountered in the process of opening the spinal cord?

A

ligamentum flavum

38
Q

what other structures apart from the spinal cord and the meninges lie in the spinal canal?

A

vertebral venous plexus

fat

anterior and posterior spinal arteries

39
Q

at what level does the spinal cord terminate in:

adults

newborns

A

adults - L1 - L2

newborn - L3

40
Q

at what vertebral level do the flowwoing terminate:

dura mater

atachmoid mater

A

dura mater - S2

arachmoid mater - S2

41
Q

what is the dural sac?

A

dural sac is the membranous sheath (theca) or tube of dura mater that surrounds the spinal cord and the cauda equina

terminates caudally at S2

42
Q

what happens to the pia mater inferior to the spinal cord?

A

conus medullaris is the tapered, lower end of the spinal cord. It occurs near lumbar vertebral levels 1 (L1) and 2 (L2), occasionally lower

forms the filum terminale that attaches to the coccyx

43
Q

what occupies the space between the end of the spinal cord and the termination of the dura and arachnoid?

and what is the clinical significance of this?

A

CSF

cauda equina

filum terminale

can do a lumbar puncture

44
Q

what is the cauda equina?

A

The cauda equina (from Latin horse’s tail) is a bundle of spinal nerves and spinal nerve rootlets, consisting of the second through fifth lumbar nerve pairs, the first through fifth sacral nerve pairs, and the coccygeal nerve, all of which arise from the lumbar enlargement and the conus medullaris of the spinal cord

45
Q

at hwat verebral level would you perform a lumbar puncture on an adult?

A

L3/4 or L4/5

46
Q

how would you positionn the patient to gain access to the lumbar cistern and why?

A

lying on your side with knees flexed towards chest

47
Q

how many pairs of psinal nerves are there

A

31 pairs

48
Q

clinicians refer to lesions of the spinal nerves after they leave the cord as lower motor neurone lesions. what are upper motor neurone lesions and where are they loctaed?

A

UMN is brain and spinal cord and LMN is nerves startinf in the ventral horn and coming out

in general terms UMN are characterised by spasticity, increased muscle tone and complex sensory syndromes whereas LMN conditions are characterised by global sensory changes and/or flacis paralysis depending on the nature of the mixed peripheral nerves

49
Q

is damage to the cauda equina classified as an upper or lower motoe neurone lesion?

A

LMNL

Anatomy Year 2 - Robbie (17 decks)

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