Head and Neck Week 2 session 3 Flashcards
what is the function of the larynx?
produces sound and is a protective inlet to the respiratory system
with which structure is the larynx continuous superiorly?
pharynx
what does the larynx continue as inferiorly?
trachea
a
hyoid bone
b
thyroid cartilage
c
epiglottis
d
cricoid cartilage
e
epiglottis
f
thyroid cartilage
g
cricoid cartilage
h
cricoid cartilage
prominence on which of these cartilages makes the Adams apple in males?
thyroid
which of these cartilages is paired?
arytenoid
which of these cartilages is a complete ring shaped cartilage?
cricoid
the space between the laryngeal cartilages is occupied by what?
what is the name of the membrane between the hyoid bone and the thyroid cartilage?
what is the name of the membrane between the thyroid cartilage and the cricoid cartilage?
dense connective tissue membranes
what membrane lies inferior to the vocal cord?
cricothyroid membrane
due to its position inferior to the vocal cords, this membrane is sometimes peirced in emergency situations where acute swelling of the vocal cords (due to anaphylactic reaction) causes stridor
what are the structures tht make up the laryngeal intlet
epiglottis
aryepiglottic folds
artenoid cartilage
mucosa between arytenoids
the lumen of the larynx is divided into 3 parts, what are there?
- the vestibule, or upper part, is the area between the laryngeal intlet and the vestibular folds (or false vocal cords)
- the middle part lies between the vestibular folds and the (true) vocal cords
- the lower part extends from the vocal cords to the lower border of the cricoid cartilage
what are vocal cords important for?
voice production
intrinsic muscles of the larynx control movement of the vocal fold as well as the controlling the diameter of the laryngeal inlet
what is the nerve supply of the intrinsic muscles of the larynx?
recurrent laryngeal nerve, except from the cricothyroid muscle
the nerve arises from vagus nerve (CNX) but has a different course on each side
the cricothyroid muscle is supplied by the superior laryngeal nerve, also a branch of the vagus nerve
what nerve of the larynx in vulnerable
recurrent laryngeal nerve
vulnerable during many invasive procedures of the neck
what would happen if the recurrent laryngel nerve was transected?
unilateral vocal cord paralysis on the side the nerve is cut
what is the sensory nerve supply to the mucous membrane of the laryngeal
inferior branch of the superior laryngeal and recurrent laryngeal nerve
how do the vocal cords look during:
normal respiration
rapid breathing e.g. after exercise
speaking/singing
what forms the roof of the nasopharynx?
base of the skull/occipital and base of sphenoid
formed by the underside of the sphenoid, and the basal part of the occipital bone, slopes downward toward the foramen magnum
in relation to the larynx, where does the (laryngo) pharynx lie?
posterior
during swallowing the bolus of food/drink is directed to the oropharynx and then the oesophagus. what prevents the bolus from entering into the nasopharynx?
what prevents this bolus from entering the larynx?
soft palate
epiglottis
what are the layers of the pharynx?
- outer muscular lyer
- middle fibrous layer
- inner mucous membrane
what are the 2 outer muscular layers of the pharynx?
outer circular layer
inner longitudinal layer
what makes up the outer circular muscle layer of the pharynx?
formed by 3 constrictors - superior, middle and inferior
arranged like flower pots placed on inside another
open in front at the enties of the nasal, bucal and laryngeal cavities
what muscles make up the inner longitudinal muscle layer of the pharynx?
stylopharyngeus
salpingopharyngeus
palatopharyngeus
what does the middle fibrous layer of the pharynx do?
merges with deep fascia of the muscles and fills in gaps between muscles
a
superior constrictor
b
middle constrictor
c
inferior constrictor
d
thyroid membrane
e
cricothyroid muscle
the pharynx recieves innervation from the……….
pharyngeal plexus
branches of which 2 cranial nerves form the pharyngeal plexus?
and which is sensory?
and which is motor?
CN IX and CN X
Glossopharngeal is sensory and vagus is motor
what is the role played by the contrictor muscles of the pharynx during swallowing?
moves food downwards to the oesophagus
what is the role played by the longitudinal layer of muscles of the pharynx during swallowing?
shorten and widen the pharynx
what is the role played by the otngue and palate muscles during swallowing?
squeezes food bolus to the oesophagus
what is the pharyngeal lymphoid ring (Waldeyers ring)?
a collection of lymphoid tissue that protects the entrace to the oropharyngx
what is the purpose of having such a lymphoid ring in this location?
protect against things coming into the body
ammount an immune response
what structures make up the pharyngeal lymphoid ring?
palatine tonsils
adenoids (pharyngeal tonsils)
lingual tonsils
what may repeated infections of these lymphoid collections, especially in children, lead to?
surgical removal
(tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy
